Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal)
Udayana Master of Law Journal was first published electronically as an Open Journal System (OJS) since 2012 under the management of the Master of Law Study Program, Postgraduate Program, Udayana University. Since 2017, the Master of Law Study Program has been under the auspices of the Faculty of Law, Udayana University. Since 2018, in order to maintain linearity and journal updates, this journal has been refined using the Journal Template and the refinement of the new Author Guidelines, under the management of the Publication Unit of the Faculty of Law, Udayana University. About Journal - Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana Udayana Master of Law Journal was first published electronically as an Open Journal System (OJS) since 2012 under the management of the Master of Law Study Program, Postgraduate Program, Udayana University. Since 2017, the Master of Law Study Program has been under the auspices of the Faculty of Law, Udayana University. Since 2018, in order to maintain linearity and journal updates, this journal has been refined using the Journal Template and the refinement of the new Author Guidelines, under the management of the Publication Unit of the Faculty of Law, Udayana University. The first publication of the Udayana Master of Law Journal was still in the form of a printed publication registered with the P-ISSN Number 2302-528X on October 8, 2012 under the name Udayana Master of Law Journal. In 2014, the Udayana Master of Law Journal began management electronically through the Open Journal System (OJS) mechanism. The first electronic publication was registered with E-ISSN Number 2502-3101 on February 1, 2016 under the name Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal), so that it became the reason for adding an English name so that in the future it is hoped that it can advance to the international stage. Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) in August 2017 has become a member of crossreff, so that each article will have a unique DOI number, Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) has been indexed by journal indexers, namely: Directory Open Access Journal (DOAJ) and EBSCO in 2015 and is also indexed by other indexing institutions, namely: Copernicus, Google Scholar, Sinta, and IPI. During this period, this journal is electronically indexed Sinta 3, efforts continue to be made to achieve a higher Sinta index. The development of the management of the Udayana Master of Law Journal electronically from its previous management on the OJS 2 system to the OJS 3 system in March 2017, and the Udayana Master of Law Journal as a print and electronic publication media in developing Legal Science in Indonesia has registered with ARJUNA and has conducted a self-evaluation in order to submit a National Journal Accreditation application through ARJUNA. JMHU is published 4 (four) times a year, in May, July, September and December JMHU is an open access, double-blind peer reviewed law journal based on the Open Journal System (OJS), with a publication frequency of four (4) times a year, in May, July, September and December, all articles published through a peer review process from the Editorial Board, a review process from a team of internal and external reviewers. It was first published electronically as an Open Journal System (OJS) in 2012 under the management of the Master of Law Program (MLP), Universitas Udayana. Since 2017, MLP has been managed under the Faculty of Law, Universitas Udayana. Hence, JMHU also managed under the Faculty of Law, Universitas Udayana. JMHU focuses on recent developments of legal reform and development at local level, national, regional and global worldwide. The journal addresses issues on: Constitutional Law; Administrative Law; Criminal Law; Civil Law; International Law; Procedural Law; Customary Law; Business Law; Tourism Law; Environmental Law; Law and Society; Information Technology and Electronic Transaction Law; Human Rights Law; Contemporary Law. Owner : Biawak Pride https://podomorocitydelimedan.org/ SLOT88 situs toto https://syariah.iainkudus.id/ slot gacor Slot88 https://ojs.institutnh.ac.id/index.php/jikd https://www.inalum.org/ https://timah.org/ https://agincourtresources.org/ https://londonsumatra.org/ https://nusantarajaya.org/ https://pakuwonjati.org/ https://estaindonesia.org/ https://pindad.org/ https://ptkbi.org/ https://fh.potensi-utama.id/ https://portal.potensi-utama.id/ https://ftik.potensi-utama.id/ https://jurnalsejarah.org/ https://neurodrrine.com/ https://www.pjo.org.pk/ Slot Gacor https://www.animagoria.com/ https://ojs.ellopub.com/ https://mordaz.aspectus-online.com/ https://ficua.pt/ https://ellopub.com/ https://ebooks.nmdsite.com/ https://diverge.ellopub.com/ https://cinema.ficua.pt/ https://bookpapers.nmdsite.com/ https://aspectus-online.com/ https://ojs.nmdsite.com/ kementerian hukum universitas pertamina toto 4d toto 4d for4d https://prjss.com/ https://irjahss.com/ https://aljamei.com/ https://ijeres.org/ https://office.journal-ams.org/ https://eijbms.com/i https://www.sidomuncul.net/en/current_vacancies.html https://cimory.net/media.html https://www.wardahbeauty.org/en/voucher.html https://www.bluebirdgroupid.org/mybluebird-subscription-faq.html https://www.rucika.org/produk/rucika-jacking-system/index.html https://idkino.org/detail-post/mitos-seputar-larutan-penyegar.html https://sinarsosro.net/divisi-international.html https://www.evergreenmarine.org/ https://www.holland-bakery.org/menu/drink.html https://greenfieldsdairyid.org/ https://kadinkotatebingtinggi.com/ https://kadinpcjakartaselatan.com/ https://idmamypoko.com/id/mamatips.html https://fraserneave.org/about-us/index.html https://www.secret-recipe.org/restaurants-cafes/selangor/petaling-jaya.html https://hungryygowhere.com/about-us/ Owner : Skylight TOTO 4D toto 4d toto 4d for4d for4d SLOT88 slot gacor https://ojs.abhath-ye.com/ slot gacor situs gacor slot777 slot88 toto slot toto 4d shiowla for4d Slot Demo Slot Gacor Slot Maxwin Situs Gacor Slot Thailand situs toto Apk Slot https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/praxis https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/GEE https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/insight https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/uphic https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/icontess https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/elitation https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/edukarya https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/IAPJ https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/samaj https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/takaya https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/adc https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/dentmas https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/isk5 https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/tabelius https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/janesha https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/choolifah https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/rlj https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/JIMU https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/lics3 https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/lics4 https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jk https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/abdimasku https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/budai https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/icls https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/oloc https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/lics https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/cell https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/ijls https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/pibsi https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/JAMR https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/kimukes https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/kimuhum https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/kimuh https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/kimueng https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/kimue https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/safrj https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/ijocs https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/lawreconstruction https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/PH https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/psisula https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/JAST https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/apic https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/cois https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/ldj https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/sendiksa https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/ksdp https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/mktb https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/psnpu https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/SANLaR https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/bksptis https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/pdih4 https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/unc https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/pdih3 https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/fikri https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/tadibuna https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jpbsi https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/ippi https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/smartcity https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/akta https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/the2ndproceeding https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/ELIC https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/EI https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/ICCDA https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/RH https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/odj https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/mtk https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/medali https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jnm https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/cbam https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/makna https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/sab https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/psa https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/tsa https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jurti https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jlsa https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jhku https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jrbi https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/ekobis https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/tamaddun https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jai https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/proyeksi https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/majalahilmiahsultanagung https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/JAIS https://ejournal.lppmunidayan.ac.id/ https://ejournal.lppmunidayan.ac.id/index.php/kesmas FOR4D https://ephijer.com/ https://ephijse.com/ https://eijms.com/ https://eijmhs.com/ https://eijhss.com/ https://eijbps.com/ https://eijas.com/ https://eijbms.com/ Toto 4d TOTO SLOT toto 4d toto 4d https://sei.pagepress.org/index.php/bollettino https://jktss.puo.edu.my/jurnalpuo/ FOR4D https://brinquedoteca.faculdadefamart.edu.br/jogos.html https://periodicos.faculdadefamart.edu.br/ https://ofmg.ru/ FOR4D FOR4D FOR4D FOR4D FOR4D FOR4D FOR4D FOR4D https://journals.seedstm.com/ https://pafikodepok.com/regulasi/ https://jurnal.iuqibogor.ac.id/ https://raca.fiocruz.br/ Toto 4D Toto 4D FOR4D FOR4D FOR4D FOR4D FOR4D https://periodicos.ufpi.br/ https://sei.pagepress.org/entomologia https://jurnal.idebahasa.or.id/ https://idebahasa.or.id/puanindonesia/ https://idebahasa.or.id/ijollah/ https://idebahasa.or.id/escience/ for4d https://media-independen.com/ https://kacific.id/ https://balitower.org/ https://arwanacitra.org/ https://sekarbumi.org/ https://www.murni.org/ https://tawanrestaurant.org/ https://stjohnrestaurant.org/ https://ptiwip.com/ https://balirescentre.org/ https://magentaku.com/ https://pafikodepok.org/ https://pafikodepok.com/ https://pafikotegal.org/ https://pafikotegal.com/ https://himpsiriau.org/ https://himpsidepok.org/ https://basiliomuhate.com/ https://thececco15.com/ https://pelindomultiterminal.com/portfolio/tanjung-priok https://ptbek.com/id/portofolio/bridges-and-roads/ https://indofoodtbk.com/product/nutrition-and-special-foods https://www.murni.org/product-category/cash-processing-machines/cash-deposit-machines/ https://arwanacitra.org/id/leading-green-certified-tile-manufacturer-eco-friendly-tiles/ https://kacific.id/about/ SKYLIGHT https://jurnalkaltim.com/kalimantan-timur/ https://golf-components.com/ben-crenshaw-daughters/ Owner : Casper slot demo FOR4D FOR4D FOR4D FOR4D slot88 Slot88 https://iainkudus.id/laman-743-sejarah.html https://mentaljournal-jspu.uz/index.php/mesmj https://ojs.stmik-banjarbaru.ac.id/index.php/index/oai https://for4dcepat1.com/ https://for4dcepat2.com/ https://for4dcepat3.com/ https://for4dcepat4.com/ https://for4dcepat5.com/ Owner : Seo Tol rokokbet rokokbet rokokbet rokokbet rokokbet shiowla shiowla for4d nana4d nono4d nono4d nono4d tip4d sewayojanpoortal.com nregajoobcard.com Owner : Blackyes FOR4D https://heylink.me/for4dtogelslot https://linktr.ee/for4dmainslottogel FOR4D FOR4D https://linklist.bio/for4dmain https://linkgenie.net/for4dmain https://solo.to/for4dmain FOR4D https://heylink.me/for4dtotoresmi https://linktr.ee/for4dtotoresmi FOR4D https://linkbio.co/for4dtotoresmi https://linkgenie.net/for4dtotoresmi https://solo.to/for4dtotoresmi FOR4D FOR4D FOR4D
Electronic Signing of Authentic Deeds: A Legal Analysis of Validity, Legal Certainty, and Evidentiary Weight
The development of information technology has encouraged the digitalization of notarial services through the concept of cyber notary, including the use of electronic documents and electronic signatures in the execution of authentic deeds. Although electronic documents and electronic signatures have received legal recognition, their application to authentic deeds continues to raise issues concerning validity, legal certainty, and evidentiary strength. This study aims to analyze the validity of electronically signed authentic deeds, the legal certainty of their application, and their evidentiary strength within the Indonesian legal system. This study employs a normative juridical method using a statutory approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. Legal materials were analyzed using qualitative-prescriptive analysis through a literature study of relevant legislation, court decisions, and legal literature. The results show that the validity of an electronic signature does not automatically establish a document as an authentic deed, as its authenticity remains dependent on the authority of the notary and the fulfillment of the formal and substantive requirements for the execution of an authentic deed. The implementation of cyber notary also continues to face challenges concerning the harmonization of notarial law and electronic transaction regulations, particularly regarding the presence of the parties, reading of the deed, signing procedures, and evidentiary strength. Therefore, a comprehensive legal framework integrating the validity of electronic signatures, legal certainty, and evidentiary strength is required to ensure that the digitalization of notarial services continues to provide legal certainty and protection for the parties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuka Karennina Endo, Martina Louisa, Felicia Shadily, Stefanie Caytlin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Penguatan Literasi Hukum Pertanahan Sebagai Instrumen Soft Governance dalam Mitigasi Sengketa Lahan Urban
Urban land disputes constitute a significant issue arising from the complexity of agrarian governance, increasing land-use pressure, and the low level of public legal literacy. This condition is particularly evident in densely populated urban areas, including Kelurahan Penjaringan, which is characterized by high economic activity and intensive spatial utilization. Limited public understanding regarding land ownership legality, land administration procedures, and legal dispute resolution mechanisms potentially increases the risk of agrarian conflicts in urban settings. This study aims to analyze the strengthening of land law literacy as a soft governance instrument in mitigating urban land disputes. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach using participatory methods through field observations, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and community-based land dispute case studies. Data were analyzed by linking empirical findings with the perspective of agrarian governance. The findings indicate that low legal literacy is closely associated with weak public understanding of land ownership legality, land certification procedures, and mechanisms for resolving land disputes. Following participatory legal education activities, there was a significant improvement in community understanding regarding land rights, land administration procedures, and both litigation and non-litigation dispute resolution mechanisms. The study further demonstrates that legal education functions as a soft governance instrument capable of strengthening the socio-legal capacity of communities in supporting the stability of urban land governance systems, accordingly, this study confirms that strengthening public legal literacy not only enhances individual legal awareness but also contributes to the mitigation of agrarian conflicts through reinforcing the relationship between communities and formal land governance institutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elvira, Aliya Sandra Dewi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Eksistensi Jaminan Umum Dalam Smart Contract Peer to Peer Lending : Mendorong Pelindungan Hak Kreditor Berbasis Teknologi Informasi
Penelitian ini mengkaji permasalahan mengenai kedudukan jaminan umum yang diatur dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata dalam konteks keberdadaan peer to peer lending yang diharapkan dapat memberikan jaminan kepastian pembayaran atau pengembalian hak bagi kreditor. Namun, dalam realitasnya, ternyata ketentuan tersebut tidak dapat secara maksimal memberikan perlindungan tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem jaminan umum yang diatur dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata belum dapat memberikan perlindungan secara maksimal terutama dalam konteks perkembangan teknologi informasi peer to peer lending. Oleh sebab itu, diharapkan adanya pembaharuan hukum yang ideal terhadap ketentuan hukum jaminan yang diatur dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata.
Copyright (c) 2026 Y. Sari Murti Widiyastuti, Apribilli (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Urgensi Pengaturan Khusus Odontologi Forensik dalam Hukum Kesehatan Nasional Indonesia: Studi Perbandingan dengan Inggris dan Australia
Odontologi forensik memiliki peran strategis dalam sistem peradilan, khususnya dalam proses identifikasi korban dan pembuktian ilmiah melalui bukti dental. Namun di Indonesia, praktik ini belum didukung oleh regulasi khusus yang komprehensif sehingga menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum dan keterbatasan implementasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis urgensi pengaturan khusus odontologi forensik dalam hukum kesehatan nasional Indonesia melalui studi perbandingan dengan Inggris dan Australia. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan komparatif, menggunakan bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia telah memiliki dasar hukum umum terkait penggunaan keterangan ahli dan rekam medis sebagai alat bukti, tetapi belum memiliki standardisasi nasional dan integrasi sistem yang memadai. Sebaliknya, Inggris menekankan validasi ilmiah melalui pedoman profesional dan sistem common law, sedangkan Australia memiliki kerangka hukum yang lebih terstruktur dan terintegrasi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengaturan khusus yang mencakup standardisasi, kompetensi, dan integrasi sistem guna meningkatkan kepastian hukum serta efektivitas pembuktian dalam sistem peradilan di Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 The Gabriella Rosetika Susanto, Ida Bagus Gede Fajar Manuaba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perlindungan Tenaga Kesehatan Kontrak: Urgensi Pengaturan Hukum di Indonesia
Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis urgensi pengaturan hukum perlindungan tenaga kesehatan kontrak di Indonesia, dengan fokus pada kekosongan normatif dalam perlindungan ketenagakerjaan di sektor kesehatan nasional. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus yuridis-normatif, data dikumpulkan melalui analisis dokumen peraturan perundang-undangan, meliputi UU No. 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan, UU No. 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan, dan UU No. 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Cipta Kerja. Temuan mengungkap tiga tema dominan: (1) ketiadaan perlindungan hukum khusus bagi tenaga kesehatan kontrak yang berada di ruang abu-abu antara hukum ketenagakerjaan dan hukum kesehatan; (2) pelanggaran hak-hak normatif ketenagakerjaan yang sistemik; meliputi ketidaksesuaian upah, ketiadaan kepesertaan jaminan sosial, dan absennya jaminan keselamatan kerja akibat tidak adanya kebijakan perlindungan tertulis; serta (3) asimetri relasi kuasa antara fasilitas kesehatan sebagai pemberi kerja dan tenaga kontrak sebagai penyedia layanan yang secara struktural melemahkan posisi tawar pekerja. Temuan ini berkontribusi secara teoretis pada diskursus harmonisasi hukum kesehatan dan hukum ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia, sekaligus secara praktis menjadi landasan penyusunan instrumen hukum yang melindungi hak tenaga kesehatan kontrak. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan pemerintah untuk merumuskan kerangka regulasi khusus yang mengatur tenaga kesehatan kontrak secara terpadu, mencakup standar keselamatan kerja, jaminan upah layak, dan perlindungan sosial sebagai satu instrumen kebijakan yang kohesif.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Made Putri Meiliawati, I Gde Sastra Winata (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Legality of Automated Decision-Making Clauses in Digital Standard Contracts
This research seeks to answer two core questions: first, whether ADM clauses may be considered legally valid under Indonesian contract law; and second, whether such clauses comply with fairness principles when examined in light of regulatory developments in comparative jurisdictions. By employing a doctrinal method supported by comparative legal analysis, this study examines statutory provisions, scholarly interpretations, and relevant regulatory approaches from selected foreign jurisdictions. The findings aim to clarify the legal position of ADM clauses in Indonesia and to formulate normative recommendations for developing a more coherent regulatory framework. In doing so, this research contributes to ongoing discourse on strengthening user protection, promoting contractual fairness, and enhancing legal certainty in Indonesia’s evolving digital ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elvira, Virgiawan Cikal Permana, Bagus Hermanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Intersections in Legal Research: Intercade Between Normative and Social Methods
It is need a differentiation by clear indicators between legal research and social research. This is because research has an important role in the development of science which is developed through a scientific research process. Based on this background, the research discusses how are the characteristics of legal research and the characteristics of social research? And how to distinguish between legal research and social research? The method used in this research is doctrinal law research methodology and literature study. The data used in this research is secondary data, which comes from the results of a literature search conducted. The results of the research shows that generally, it is known that legal research includes normative and empirical legal research. Meanwhile, social research based on the development of two research approaches, namely quantitative and qualitative research. Legal research methods and social research methods have their own characteristics that make them different from one another. The difference between legal research methods and social research methods lies in the object of research, which the object of legal research methods is law, and the object of social research methods are concerned with empirical truth. The method of legal research cannot be classified in the social research because of the unique workings of legal research and the scientific system that is different from other disciplines. However, despite the various differences between legal research methods and social research methods, these two methods still have links that can be unified through the socio-legal approach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Desia Rakhma Banjarani, Rudi Natamiharja, Ria Wierma Putri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Hak Pasien dan Etika Penggunaan Dokumentasi Kasus Pasien Gigi sebagai Media Promosi
Penelitian ini membahas perlindungan hukum terhadap hak pasien dan tanggung jawab etis dokter gigi dalam penggunaan dokumentasi kasus pasien sebagai media promosi di era digital. Penggunaan foto atau rekam medis pasien untuk promosi klinik berpotensi melanggar privasi jika tanpa persetujuan sah (informed consent). Kajian ini mengacu pada Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan, Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi, serta Kode Etik Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia (KODEKGI) yang menegaskan kewajiban menjaga kerahasiaan dan martabat profesi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa promosi menggunakan dokumentasi pasien hanya dapat dilakukan dengan izin tertulis dan berlandaskan prinsip non maleficence (tidak merugikan pasien), sehingga dengan demikian, dokter gigi perlu memiliki kesadaran hukum dan etika agar promosi profesional tetap selaras dengan perlindungan hak pasien dan integritas profesi.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putu Aprilyana Eka Astuti, Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Safeguarding Severance Pay for Laid-Off Employees During the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis
The COVID-19 pandemic that has hit since early 2020 has The COVID-19 pandemic that has hit since early 2020 has triggered an economic crisis that has forced many companies to carry out mass layoffs (PHK) for reasons of efficiency or losses. This study aims to dissect the legal protection of severance rights for employees laid off during the COVID-19 pandemic within a five-year period (2020-2025), with an analytical focus on Decision Number 120/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2021/PN Mdn. Using normative legal research methods with a statutory approach, a case approach, and a conceptual approach, this study finds that claims of force majeure due to the pandemic do not automatically eliminate the company's obligation to pay workers' normative rights. The results show that Decision Number 120/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2021/PN Mdn serves as an important precedent that confirms that the court functions as the last bastion in guaranteeing the fulfillment of severance pay, long-service pay, and rights compensation, even when the employer faces financial difficulties. The legal implications of this ruling are strengthening workers' bargaining power and affirming that corporate efficiency should not eliminate basic worker rights protections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aripa Syawalia, Arifuddin Muda Harahap (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Measuring the Effectiveness of Ministry of Law Authority in Harmonizing Draft Regional Regulations for Cities
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Ministry of Law’s authority to harmonize Draft Regional Regulations of Mataram City following the enactment of Article 58 paragraph (2) and Article 97D of Law Number 13 of 2022 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Formation of Laws and Regulations. This research employs a normative-empirical method, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and sociological approaches. The findings indicate that the exercise of the Ministry of Law’s authority in harmonizing Draft Regional Regulations of Mataram City has not been effective. This is because such authority is limited to the issuance of a harmonization completion letter, without the power to ensure that the harmonization results are implemented by the Regional Government. Furthermore, there are no legal consequences if the Ministry of Law fails to conduct the harmonization process upon a request submitted by the Regional Government.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mira Dwi, Galang Asmara, Muh. Risnain (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Juridical Review of the Restriction of Women's Rights in Leading Customary Villages from a Gender Perspective
This study aims to conduct a juridical analysis of how statutory regulations govern and restrict women's rights to perform leadership roles, to examine the legal implications of such restrictions, and to assess the forms of legal protection available to women who experience limitations on their leadership rights within customary village structures. The analysis adopts a gender-equality and non-discrimination perspective within Indonesia’s national legal system. The research employs a normative juridical approach, treating law as an autonomous set of norms and the main object of inquiry. This approach focuses on analyzing codified legal norms as contained in statutory provisions. This research used two principal approaches: the Statute Approach and the Analytical and Conceptual Approach. The findings show that, juridically, there is no provision in Indonesia’s national law that explicitly prohibits women from holding leadership positions. However, when viewed from a gender perspective, the obstacles faced by women largely originate from social constructions, entrenched patriarchal cultural dominance, and the absence of affirmative policies in sectoral regulations. Therefore, a gender-justice-oriented legal approach and capacity building for women are essential strategies to promote inclusive and transformative leadership. In the context of customary village leadership, structural inequalities remain evident and are underpinned by patriarchal norms that impede women's access to leadership positions. This situation contradicts the equality principles enshrined in national and international legal instruments, such as the 1945 Constitution, the Village Law (UU Desa), and the ratification of CEDAW, which affirm women's rights to full participation in public life and decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Putu Endra Wijaya Negara, Rifqon Khairazi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Problematika Tindakan Subrogasi Secara Sepihak: Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Debitor
This research examines subrogation actions that do not provide advance notification to the debtor, resulting in the transfer of collateral used to secure credit to a third party. The Panel of Judges who reviewed the cases granted the plaintiff/debtor's claim in some instances, while rejecting it in others. Referring to the aforementioned issues raises the question of how the validity of the subrogation mechanism is affected by the applicable statutory provisions and the legal protection of the debtor as the owner of the guarantee, if the bank's subrogation action is deemed invalid. The research method used in this paper is normative. According to the Civil Code, the transfer of receivables by PT Maybank as the Creditor was not a unilateral action. Rather, there were agreements and conditions previously agreed upon by both parties when the Plaintiff/Debtor obtained a credit facility from PT Maybank/Creditor. It is important to note that subjective evaluations have been excluded from this analysis. The plaintiff obtains legal protection for the unilateral subrogation action, which allows them to regain their rights to the land and building used as collateral, provided that they are in good condition and free of any occupants or belongings as well as to obtain compensation for material damages.
I Gusti Ayu Agung Anindya Prameswari Dewi
Copyright (c) 2026 Indra Dewantara, I Gede Druvananda Abhiseka, I Gusti Agung Virlan Awanadi, I Gusti Ayu Agung Anindya Prameswari Dewi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dinamika Mafia Perbankan dalam Kerangka Kebijakan Penegakan Hukum
This journal analyzes the phenomenon of the "banking mafia" in Indonesia, a term that refers to illegal and harmful practices involving collusion between actors both inside and outside banking institutions. These practices encompass a variety of modus operandi, including the disbursement of fictitious loans, money laundering, financial data manipulation, and embezzlement of customer funds. The existence of the banking mafia not only undermines the integrity of the financial system but also harms the national economy, erodes public trust, and hampers the growth of the real sector. Using a multidisciplinary approach that integrates legal, economic, and criminological analysis, this journal seeks to identify the characteristics, modus operandi, impacts, and challenges in law enforcement against this form of organized banking crime. The journal aims to present policy recommendations and comprehensive strategic measures to prevent, detect, and eradicate banking mafia practices, ultimately fostering a healthy and integrity-driven financial system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lila Tania (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Berbasis Gotong Royong Terhadap Dana Bantuan Langsung Tunai Desa (BLT Desa) di Kecamatan Bengalon
The Bengalon district's success in implementing Village Direct Cash Assistance Funds from 2021 to 2024 demonstrates the effectiveness of this policy in providing social assistance to those impacted by the pandemic. Overall, the Village Direct Cash Assistance Funds program has significantly alleviated the economic pressure caused by the pandemic. However, steps are needed to ensure this policy's long-term impact, combining direct assistance with economic empowerment to reduce dependency and increase beneficiaries' independence in the long term. This study aims to analyze the strategic empowerment of economic activities based on gotong royong in the use of Village Direct Cash Assistance Funds by communities affected by the pandemic in villages across the Bengalon district. The research approach used is qualitative and employs a qualitative descriptive method. The results of this study are as follows: The Bengalon Direct Cash Assistance program's impact on beneficiary families during the pandemic is concerning. Data indicate that beneficiaries have become excessively reliant on Village Direct Cash Assistance Funds distributions, which could impede their progress towards economic independence after the pandemic. Therefore, efforts are needed to empower the economy based on gotong royong to reduce dependence and increase the independence of beneficiaries in the long term. Pelaksanaan Bantuan langsung tunai Desa di Kecamatan Bengalon tahun 2021 hingga 2024 membuktikan bahwa pelaksanaan kebijakan ini berjalan dengan baik dan berhasil dalam penyaluran bantuan sosial guna membantu masyarakat yang terdampak pandemi COVID-19. Secara keseluruhan, kebijakan bantuan langsung tunai Desa memberikan kontribusi besar dalam meredakan tekanan ekonomi yang bersumber dari pandemi ini. Namun, terkait keberlanjutan dampak dari kebijakan ini langkah-langkah strategis sangat dibutuhkan, yang memadukan bantuan langsung dengan pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat untuk mengurangi ketergantungan dan meningkatkan kemandirian penerima manfaat dalam jangka panjang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategis pemberdayaan ekonomi berbasis gotong royong terhadap penggunaan dana Bantuan Langsung Tunai Desa pada masyarakat terdampak covid-19 di desa se-Kecamatan Bengalon. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Adapun hasil penelitian ini yaitu, Implikasi dari pelaksanaan Bantuan Langsung Tunai Desa terhadap keluarga penerima manfaat di Kecamatan Bengalon pada masa pandemi covid-19 menunjukkan adanya tanda-tanda bahwa penerima manfaat terlalu bergantung pada penyaluran Bantuan Langsung Tunai Desa dan dapat menghambat segala upaya masyarakat untuk kembali mandiri secara ekonomi pascapandemi sehingga dampak dari kebijakan ini diperlukan upaya pemberdayaan ekonomi yang berbasis gotong royong untuk mengurangi ketergantungan dan meningkatkan kemandirian penerima manfaat dalam jangka panjang.
Copyright (c) 2025 Langgeng Saputra, Ipah Ema Jumiati, Florentina Ratih Wulandari (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) dalam Perspektif Hukum Pembangunan Ekonomi: Studi Kasus Keterbatasan Akses Modal bagi UMKM di Indonesia
The People’s Business Credit (Kredit Usaha Rakyat, KUR) is a strategic program launched by the Government of Indonesia to expand access to financing for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The program offers subsidized interest rates and a non-collateral policy for loans below IDR 100 million. KUR is designed to support inclusive economic development by promoting the growth of MSMEs and creating more equitable economic opportunities. However, empirical evidence shows a significant gap between the legal objectives of the program and banking practices in the field. Disbursing banks, particularly state-owned banks (BUMN), often require hidden collateral and tend to prioritize existing borrowers over new ones. This misalignment undermines the program’s goals of expanding financial access to underserved entrepreneurs and fostering inclusive economic growth. This study applies a legal development economics approach to examine the divergence between public policy and the operational practices of banks. It highlights the implications of these discrepancies for achieving development objectives, MSME access to capital, and the broader principle of economic justice. The findings indicate the urgent need for regulatory harmonization, stronger banking supervision, and legally grounded financial inclusion strategies to ensure that KUR functions effectively as a catalyst for equitable and sustainable economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kornelis Ratu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Problematika Pemaknaan Sanksi Perbaikan Akibat Tindak Pidana dan Reformulasi Pidana Tambahan Korporasi pada Kejahatan Lingkungan
The research aims to examine the problem of vague norms concerning additional criminal sanctions for corporations under Article 119 letter c of Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, which has resulted in inconsistent court decisions, thereby undermining legal certainty and impeding the restoration of environments damaged by criminal acts. This study employs a normative legal research methodology. The findings of this study reveal that the provisions of Article 119 letter c suffer from weaknesses in their legal construction, owing to the absence of clear parameters and regulatory mechanisms governing remedial sanction implementation following criminal acts. Therefore, in order to minimize these shortcomings, a reformulation of the sanctioning norms applicable to criminal acts is necessary, alongside the introduction of an innovation in the form of standardization through the integration of restorative execution mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Luh Amelia Savitri, Sagung Putri M.E. Purwani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Etika dan Hukum dalam Pelayanan Kedokteran Gigi Anak: Studi terhadap Informed Consent dan Perlindungan Pasien
Pediatric dental care requires special attention to ethical and legal aspects, as child patients do not yet have the legal capacity to provide medical consent independently. This study addresses the problem of how the principle of informed consent is applied in pediatric dental practice and to what extent legal protection for child patients in Indonesia has been effectively implemented. Using a normative juridical approach combined with comparative analysis of statutory regulations—particularly Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health and Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection—this research examines the gap between legal norms and clinical practice. The findings reveal that informed consent procedures are often carried out without adequate documentation and without explanations tailored to the child’s level of understanding, thereby potentially violating medical ethics and the rights of child patients. The novelty of this study lies in identifying the need for strengthening technical regulations and enhancing the role of ethics committees as more effective accountability mechanisms. The study recommends improving legal literacy among medical professionals and optimizing ethical oversight to ensure pediatric dental services are delivered safely, with dignity, and in accordance with principles of justice and legal protection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arnawati Ida Ayu, Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, Ida Bagus Surya Dharma Jaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Harmonisasi Norma Kecakapan Melangsungkan Perkawinan Dalam Perspektif Hukum Perkawinan dan Perlindungan Anak
This research aims to examine and analyze the regulatory framework that gives rise to normative conflicts concerning the legal capacity to enter into marriage from the perspectives of Marriage Law and Child Protection Law, as well as to analyze and evaluate the harmonization of norms carried out to align provisions on the capacity to marry. This study employs normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach, using legal materials consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The collection of legal materials is conducted through document study techniques. Furthermore, the analysis of legal materials is carried out using a norm harmonization method based on the principles of legal preference in order to obtain legal certainty regarding existing normative conflicts, and is analyzed qualitatively using descriptive-analytical techniques. The results of the study indicate that the regulations causing normative conflicts regarding the capacity to enter into marriage within the perspectives of marriage law and child protection are found in Article 7 paragraph (2) of the Marriage Law, which regulates exceptions to marriage (marriage dispensation), while Article 26 paragraph (1) letter c of the Child Protection Law regulates the prevention of child marriage. The harmonization of norms to align provisions on the capacity to marry is conducted by applying the most appropriate legal preference principle, namely lex specialis derogat legi generalis, whereby the Child Protection Law takes precedence over the Marriage Law.
Copyright (c) 2026 NI NYOMAN DEVI KARTIKASARI KARTIKASARI, I Made Dedy Priyanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
International Policy Regarding Cyberbullying of Children: What Extent is the Response of Education Units in Indonesia?
Cyberbullying is a phenomenon of violence perpetrated against children via the internet. It might be said that Indonesia is going through a bullying emergency because the number of cases is rising annually. In this research, two issues will be discussed, namely, the course of international policy in tackling cyberbullying and anti-cyberbullying policy in the educational environment in Indonesia. This research is normative juridical research examining the synchronization and harmonization of laws in dealing with the issue of cyberbullying in Indonesia. The findings show that the course of international policy regarding the protection of children from cyberbullying proceeds from various discussion angles, namely, the protection of personal data, cybercrime, and child protection. However, there are international legal instruments that explicitly discuss anti-bullying. In national law, cyberbullying only exists in the Elucidation of Article 29 of Law Number 1 of 2024, the Ministerial Regulation of 2015, and the Ministerial Regulation of 2019. Without policies at the school level, which is the most significant social environment for children, good legal substance will be meaningless.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dewi Bunga (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Restorative Justice Sebagai Alternatif Pidana Penjara Kasus Tindak Pidana Ringan Mencegah Overcapacity Lapas
This research examines the policy and role of Restorative Justice as an alternative to prison sentences for minor criminal offenses, aiming to tackle the issue of inmate overcapacity in Correctional Institutions (Lapas). The method employed is normative legal research, focusing on the analysis of written regulations and literary materials. Overcapacity in Lapas leads to various problems, such as riots, budgetary losses, and hindering the inmate rehabilitation process. The Restorative Justice policy in Indonesia is regulated by various national legal instruments, including Law No. 11/2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, National Police Chief Regulation No. 8/2021, Attorney General's Regulation No. 15/2020, and the Director General of the General Judiciary Body Supreme Court Decree No. 1691/DJU/SK/PS.00/12/2020. This concept emphasizes peace and restoration for victims and offenders, rather than solely punitive imprisonment. The main role of Restorative Justice is to prevent overcapacity by offering non-custodial alternatives, such as mediation, community service, and community-based rehabilitation programs. The implementation of this concept, especially for minor offenses, can minimize the use of prison sanctions, thereby reducing the Lapas population. Nevertheless, the current implementation remains partial and requires a stronger, more comprehensive legal basis, including accommodation in the new Criminal Code (KUHP), to establish legal certainty. Penelitian ini mengkaji kebijakan dan peran Restorative Justice sebagai alternatif pidana penjara untuk kasus tindak pidana ringan dalam upaya menanggulangi masalah overcapacity (kelebihan kapasitas) narapidana di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan (Lapas). Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif, yang berfokus pada analisis peraturan tertulis dan bahan kepustakaan. Overcapacity di Lapas menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan, seperti kerusuhan, kerugian anggaran, dan terhambatnya proses pembinaan narapidana. Kebijakan Restorative Justice di Indonesia diatur dalam berbagai instrumen hukum, termasuk UU No. 11/2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak, Peraturan Kapolri No. 8/2021, Peraturan Kejaksaan No. 15/2020, dan Keputusan Dirjen Badan Peradilan Umum MA No. 1691/DJU/SK/PS.00/12/2020. Konsep ini menekankan pada perdamaian dan pemulihan bagi korban dan pelaku, bukan hanya pada penghukuman penjara. Peran utama Restorative Justice adalah mencegah overcapacity dengan menawarkan alternatif hukuman di luar penjara, seperti mediasi, pelayanan masyarakat, dan rehabilitasi berbasis komunitas. Penerapan konsep ini, terutama untuk tindak pidana ringan, dapat meminimalisir penggunaan sanksi pidana penjara sehingga mengurangi populasi Lapas. Meskipun demikian, pelaksanaannya saat ini masih parsial dan membutuhkan landasan hukum yang lebih komprehensif, termasuk diakomodasi dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) yang baru, untuk menciptakan kepastian hukum.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kadek Yoga Kusumadewa, I Made Wirya Darma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pengaruh Teknologi Digital terhadap Modus Operandi Prostitusi Anak di Kota Yogyakarta
Online prostitution in Indonesia has grown rapidly with advances in technology, complicating surveillance and law enforcement, especially when it involves child exploitation. A case in Yogyakarta that revealed the use of online dating apps for child trafficking highlights serious challenges in tracking and protecting victims. This study uses a legal-empirical research method. The findings reveal that the modus operandi of the perpetrators, including booking hotels for specific periods, targeting major cities as operational bases, leveraging social media, and maintaining high mobility, provide insights into the complexity and adaptability of these illegal practices. In this context, a deep understanding of these stages is expected to significantly contribute to our knowledge of the dynamics of online prostitution in Yogyakarta and serve as a foundation for improving policies and enforcing the law more effectively. However, this study also highlights several challenges faced by the Yogyakarta Police Department. One major challenge is the investigative process involving PPA investigators who must pose as potential customers. This challenge is not only technical but also involves security and psychological aspects that require high interpersonal skills. Additionally, the difficulty in proving the age of the children involved, especially when they come from outside the city, adds to the complexity of handling these cases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahyu Priyanka Nata Permana, Fuadi Isnawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Passive Euthanasia and the Right to Human Dignity: Ethical and Legal Analysis
This study aims to examine the legal regulations related to passive euthanasia in Indonesia by highlighting the issues of the right to life, the right to die with dignity, and the ambiguity of regulations that affect patients and medical personnel. The study focuses on analyzing how positive law, bioethical principles, and human rights should guide end-of-life decisions. The research method used is normative legal research with an interdisciplinary approach, through the review of legislation, concept analysis, and comparison of practices in several countries. The results of the study found that Indonesia does not yet have specific regulations regarding passive euthanasia; Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and Law Number 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practice only regulate the right of patients to refuse treatment in general without providing implementable guidelines for medical decisions in terminal conditions. This void creates uncertainty and vulnerability for both doctors and patients. Comparisons with the Netherlands and Japan show that strict regulations, accompanied by oversight mechanisms, can prevent abuse while still respecting patient autonomy. Based on these findings, this study recommends regulatory reform through the drafting of provisions on health wills, living wills, and the strengthening of palliative care services as steps to ensure legal certainty and the protection of human dignity. Overall, the study emphasizes that more ethical, comprehensive, and human rights-based legal reforms are urgently needed to address contemporary medical challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ida Ayu Intan Kartika Dewi, I Wayan Parsa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reforming The Settlement of Labor Disputes in Achieving the Integration of National Digital Services
The resolution of labor-related disputes, as well as key rules governing workers and employment problems, is based on Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower and Law No. 2 of 2004 on Industrial Relations Dispute Settlement, may be pursued through both judicial and non-judicial mechanisms. However, practical implementation reveals persistent challenges, particularly in realizing the principles of dispute resolution that are expeditious, straightforward, and affordable. This study employs a normative juridical methodology by examining legal doctrines through a literature review and comparative analysis of statutory provisions. The findings indicate several determinants influencing the effectiveness of mediation, conciliation, and the Industrial Relations Court (IRC). The performance of the IRC demonstrates suboptimal effectiveness in upholding principles of fairness and efficiency in dispute adjudication. When mediation or conciliation results in mutual agreement, the parties may register the settlement with the IRC for certification; conversely, unsuccessful negotiations allow the filing of formal claims before the IRC. To promote a dispute resolution system that is efficient, swift, and cost-effective, Presidential Decree No. 82 of 2023 on the Acceleration of Digital Transformation and National Digital Service Integration provides a legal foundation for modernizing industrial relations dispute resolution mechanisms through digital innovation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sherly Ayuna Putri, Rai Mantili, Efa Laela Fakhriah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perjanjian Kawin Pasca Judicial Review Mahkamah Konstitusi: Antara Kebebasan Berkehendak dan Kepastian Hukum
This research aims to understand and to analyse (1) free will as a form of freedom of contract in marital agreement; (2) the reasoning of unmet legal certainty in marital agreement after judicial review in the Constitutional Court; and (3) risk mitigation of marital agreement dispute after the judicial review. This normative legal research was supported by data from source person. This descriptive-analytical research used secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. All data were analysed qualitatively, with inductive conclusion drawing method. The research found that after the judicial review, parties’ free will in marital agreement is very visible, as husband-and-wife are allowed to create; to revoke; or to amend the marital agreement during their marriage as long as it is agreed by parties and brings no damage to the third party. This huge freedom decreases legal certainty for the third party, i.e., debtors or creditors of the married couple. Risk mitigation of the tug-of-war between freedom of contract and legal certainty principles requires more concrete implementation guideline, e.g., (1) determining the reasons and limitations on whether the married couples are permitted of prohibited from making, changing, or revoking their prenuptial agreements; (2) determining when a prenuptial agreement may apply retroactively or not; as well as (3) requiring a document of absolute responsibility from the marital agreement makers to protect the public officials (i.e., notary, as the authentic deed maker).
Copyright (c) 2026 Ninik Darmini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Legal Framework for Personal Data Deletion on Social Media in Indonesia: A New Chapter in Digital Privacy Protection
The pervasive use of social media necessitates serious attention to personal data protection, particularly during registration where users must provide identifiers like usernames, birth dates, and email addresses, raising significant legal concerns over data security and management. In Indonesia, this protection is framed by Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law). Article 8 explicitly affirms the data subject's right to terminate processing, delete, and/or destroy personal data, formally acknowledging the right to erasure. However, the law omits clear technical procedures for exercising this right, creating legal uncertainty. This study aims to address two primary questions: first, how current positive law (ius constitutum) regulates social media users' personal data protection regarding personal data deletion; and second, the legal responsibilities of platforms in personal data breach cases. Employing normative legal research with a descriptive-analytical library approach, the study utilizes statutory and analytical methods. Legal materials comprise primary sources like regulations and secondary sources including legal textbooks and journals. Data is presented, interpreted, and evaluated through qualitative descriptive-analytical analysis. The research findings indicate that the process for personal data deletion on social media platforms remains heavily contingent upon user-agreed terms and conditions, governed by contractual agreements. Furthermore, platforms bear legal responsibility to provide compensation, specifically in the form of monetary damages, for breaches resulting from their proven fault or negligence.
Copyright (c) 2025 I Putu Gede Arya Sanjaya, Dewa Krishna Prasada (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Instrumen Demokratisasi Hukum: Upaya Membatasi Dominasi Oligarki dalam Sistem Peradilan Indonesia
Every citizen normatively holds an equal position before the law. Judicial practice demonstrates that access to justice has not been distributed evenly. Complex legal procedures, high costs, and lengthy processes constitute obstacles for marginalized communities in asserting their rights, causing the judicial system to be more easily accessed by groups with economic power and political influence, and thereby fostering the dominance of legal oligarchy. This condition underscores the need for legal instruments within the judicial system that expand access to justice while simultaneously limiting the dominance of legal oligarchy. This research constitutes normative legal research that analyzes legal theories and principles to address existing legal problems. The findings demonstrate that simple lawsuits constitute an important instrument of legal democratization in Indonesia. In essence, the principles of speed, affordability, and procedural simplicity embedded in the concept of simple lawsuits expand access to justice for marginalized communities while limiting the dominance of legal oligarchy that often characterizes conventional judicial systems. Through this mechanism, the principle of equality before the law becomes more tangible, as simple lawsuits facilitate a more inclusive, efficient, and substantively just system of adjudication. Setiap warga negara secara normatif memiliki kedudukan yang sama di hadapan hukum. Pada praktek peradilan menunjukkan bahwa akses terhadap keadilan belum terdistribusi secara merata. Prosedur hukum yang kompleks, berbiaya tinggi, dan memakan waktu lama menjadi kendala bagi masyarakat kecil dalam memperjuangkan haknya, sehingga sistem peradilan lebih mudah diakses oleh kelompok yang memiliki kekuatan ekonomi dan kekuasaan serta mendorong terbentuknya dominasi oligarki hukum. Hal inilah yang kemudian mendorong perlunya instrument hukum dalam sistem peradilan yang memperluas akses keadilan sekaligus sebagai upaya membatasi dominasi oligarki hukum dalam sistem peradilan tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menganalisis teori dan asas-asas dalam ilmu hukum untuk menjawab permasalahan hukum yang terjadi. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa gugatan sederhana adalah instrumen penting demokratisasi hukum di Indonesia. Pada prinsipnya, prosedur cepat, murah, dan sederhana, pada konsep gugatan sederhana memperluas akses keadilan bagi masyarakat kecil sekaligus membatasi dominasi oligarki hukum yang kerap mendominasi sistem peradilan konvensional. Melalui mekanisme ini, prinsip equality before the law semakin nyata, karena gugatan sederhana mampu menghadirkan peradilan yang lebih inklusif, efisien, dan berpihak pada keadilan substantif.
Copyright (c) 2025 Francisca Widiastuti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Valuasi Merek Sebagai Modal dalam Perjanjian Kerja Sama sebagai Bentuk Pembangunan Hukum Merek yang Berkeadilan di Indonesia
This paper aims to examine the urgency of brand valuation as an asset in cooperation agreements and to propose ideas for the formulation of fair brand valuation regulations in Indonesia. This research adopts a normative juridical approach, utilizing literature review and secondary data analysis through a statutory approach. The findings indicate that brand valuation as an asset in cooperation agreements is essential to ensure legal certainty and fairness for the parties involved. Indonesia needs to establish a fair legal framework for brand valuation by creating an official valuation institution and subsequently formulating official brand valuation guidelines. The establishment of a brand valuation institution is not only important for the enforcement of intellectual property rights, but also provides legal protection and economic benefits for parties using brands as capital in business cooperation agreements. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to issue regulations governing brand valuation as part of the development of a fair trademark law system in Indonesia. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji urgensi valuasi merek sebagai aset dalam perjanjian kerja sama dan memberikan gagasan pembentukan regulasi valuasi merek yang berkeadilan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan memanfaatkan studi kepustakaan dan analisis data sekunder melalui pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa valuasi merek sebagai aset dalam perjanjian kerja sama sangat penting untuk menjamin kepastian hukum dan keadilan bagi para pihak yang terlibat. Indonesia perlu membangun kerangka hukum yang adil terkait valuasi merek dengan membentuk lembaga penilaian resmi serta merumuskan pedoman valuasi merek yang bersifat formal. Pembentukan lembaga valuasi merek tidak hanya penting bagi penegakan hak kekayaan intelektual, tetapi juga memberikan perlindungan hukum dan manfaat ekonomi bagi para pihak yang menggunakan merek sebagai modal dalam perjanjian kerja sama usaha. Oleh karena itu, sangat mendesak untuk menerbitkan peraturan yang mengatur valuasi merek sebagai bagian dari pengembangan sistem hukum merek yang berkeadilan di Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gede Angga Prawirayuda (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Ideal Concept for Fulfilling the Rights of Tourism Sector Workers Based on Local Wisdom in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Adaptive to Indonesian Labor Law
The tourism sector in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) is dominated by an increasing number of informal workers, whose legal status remains ambiguous and is not explicitly regulated by national labor law. This situation creates a legal vacuum, as Law No. 13 of 2003 only recognizes formal employment relationships, thus neglecting the guarantee of protection and fulfillment of the rights of informal tourism workers. This research aims to formulate an ideal concept for fulfilling the rights of tourism sector workers based on local wisdom that is adaptive to the law. Employing a juridical-empirical research method, the study finds that the practice of fulfilling workers' rights in DIY heavily relies on informal work patterns without written contracts, which creates flexibility but simultaneously causes job and income uncertainty. Amidst the weak intervention of formal regulation, local wisdom values such as gotong royong (mutual cooperation), tepo sliro (empathy/tolerance), and ngajeni (mutual respect) function as a "social umbrella" that maintains solidarity and harmony. As a solution, this research proposes a hybrid model that integrates formal protection with local cultural values. This concept includes four main elements: legal recognition of informal workers, implementation of a flexible social security scheme, establishment of minimum protection standards for wages and occupational safety, and empowerment of local communities as government partners. This model is expected to ensure the welfare of workers justly and sustainably without eliminating the cultural character that defines Yogyakarta's tourism identity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fithriatus Shalihah, Amriana Amri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sengketa Lintas Negara Atas Tanah Virtual Metaverse: Analisis Hak Properti Digital dalam Hukum Perdata Internasional
The rapid expansion of metaverse platforms has generated a new form of digital asset known as metaverse land, which can be purchased, transferred, and endowed with economic value. This development raises fundamental legal questions regarding the status of virtual land and the mechanisms for resolving cross-border ownership disputes in the absence of any physical territorial connection. This study aims to analyze the legal basis of metaverse land ownership, determine the appropriate jurisdiction in cross-border disputes, and examine the enforceability of court judgments against digital assets governed by blockchain-based private governance. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches. The findings indicate that metaverse land cannot be equated with physical land rights; rather, it constitutes a form of digital property whose legal force derives from platform governance, smart contracts, and terms of service. Cross-border disputes face significant jurisdictional challenges due to the lack of territorial situs, necessitating a jurisdictional model grounded in the effects doctrine and party autonomy. The study concludes that Indonesia’s private international law framework must be reoriented to accommodate the recognition and enforcement of digital property rights in virtual environments. Perkembangan metaverse telah menciptakan bentuk baru kepemilikan aset digital berupa metaverse land yang dapat diperjualbelikan, dialihkan, dan dilekati nilai ekonomi. Fenomena ini memunculkan persoalan mendasar mengenai kedudukan hukum tanah virtual dan bagaimana sengketa kepemilikan lintas negara dapat diselesaikan ketika tidak ada lokasi fisik yang dapat dijadikan dasar yurisdiksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dasar kepemilikan metaverse land, menentukan yurisdiksi yang berwenang menangani sengketa cross-border, serta mengkaji kemungkinan penegakan putusan pengadilan terhadap objek digital yang berada dalam ekosistem privat berbasis blockchain. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metaverse land tidak dapat sepenuhnya disetarakan dengan hak atas tanah fisik, melainkan lebih mendekati kategori digital property yang keberlakuannya ditentukan oleh platform governance, smart contract, dan ketentuan layanan (terms of service). Sengketa lintas negara menghadapi tantangan yurisdiksi karena tidak adanya situs tanah, sehingga diperlukan model penetapan yurisdiksi berbasis effects doctrine dan party autonomy. Penelitian ini menegaskan perlunya pembaruan rezim HPI Indonesia agar mampu mengakomodasi penegakan hak properti digital di ruang virtual.
Copyright (c) 2025 komang Widiana Purnawan, I Nyoman Bagiastra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Keberlakukan Perjanjian Harta Benda Perkawinan yang Dibuat Oleh Notaris Indonesia di Luar Negeri
The purpose of this study is to analyze the position of marital property agreements from a civil law perspective and to analyze the enforceability of marital property agreements by Indonesian notaries used abroad. The research method used in this study is a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and a case approach. The results of this study explain that in terms of codification, marital property agreements are regulated in Book I of the Civil Code concerning Persons, specifically in Chapter VII concerning Marriage Agreements in Articles 139-179 of the Civil Code. Although the regulations are included in Book I of the Civil Code, they are still bound by the conditions for the validity of the agreement as stated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. Furthermore, regarding the enforceability of marital property agreements by Indonesian notaries, they cannot be enforced abroad. This is because marital property agreements concern the personal status of husband and wife in the marriage bond and regulate the legal relationship between them during the marriage, which can be determined based on the principle of nationality or the principle of territoriality depending on the country that adheres to it. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kedudukan perjanjian harta benda perkawinan dalam perspektif hukum perdata serta menganalisis keberlakukan perjanjian harta benda perkawinan oleh notaris Indonesia yang digunakan di Luar Negeri. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa Secara kodifikasi, perjanjian harta benda perkawinan diatur dalam Buku I KUHPerdata tentang Orang, tepatnya dalam Bab VII tentang Perjanjian Kawin dalam Pasal 139 – 179 KUHPerdata. Meskipun pengaturannya termasuk dalam Buku I KUHPerdata namun tetap terikat dengan syarat-syarat sahnya perjanjian yang tercantum dalam Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata. Selanjutnya terkait keberlakuan perjanjian harta benda perkawinan oleh Notaris Indonesia tidak dapat diberlakukan di luar negeri. Hal ini karena perjanjian harta benda perkawinan menyangkut status personal suami istri dalam ikatan perkawinan dan mengatur hubungan hukum di antara mereka selama perkawinan berlangsung yang dapat ditentukan berdasarkan asas nasionalitas atau asas teritorialitas tergantung negara yang menganutnya.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aprillia, Afifah Kusumadara, Rika Kurniaty (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0