Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal)
Udayana Master of Law Journal was first published electronically as an Open Journal System (OJS) since 2012 under the management of the Master of Law Study Program, Postgraduate Program, Udayana University. Since 2017, the Master of Law Study Program has been under the auspices of the Faculty of Law, Udayana University. Since 2018, in order to maintain linearity and journal updates, this journal has been refined using the Journal Template and the refinement of the new Author Guidelines, under the management of the Publication Unit of the Faculty of Law, Udayana University. About Journal - Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana Udayana Master of Law Journal was first published electronically as an Open Journal System (OJS) since 2012 under the management of the Master of Law Study Program, Postgraduate Program, Udayana University. Since 2017, the Master of Law Study Program has been under the auspices of the Faculty of Law, Udayana University. Since 2018, in order to maintain linearity and journal updates, this journal has been refined using the Journal Template and the refinement of the new Author Guidelines, under the management of the Publication Unit of the Faculty of Law, Udayana University. The first publication of the Udayana Master of Law Journal was still in the form of a printed publication registered with the P-ISSN Number 2302-528X on October 8, 2012 under the name Udayana Master of Law Journal. In 2014, the Udayana Master of Law Journal began management electronically through the Open Journal System (OJS) mechanism. The first electronic publication was registered with E-ISSN Number 2502-3101 on February 1, 2016 under the name Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal), so that it became the reason for adding an English name so that in the future it is hoped that it can advance to the international stage. Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) in August 2017 has become a member of crossreff, so that each article will have a unique DOI number, Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) has been indexed by journal indexers, namely: Directory Open Access Journal (DOAJ) and EBSCO in 2015 and is also indexed by other indexing institutions, namely: Copernicus, Google Scholar, Sinta, and IPI. During this period, this journal is electronically indexed Sinta 3, efforts continue to be made to achieve a higher Sinta index. The development of the management of the Udayana Master of Law Journal electronically from its previous management on the OJS 2 system to the OJS 3 system in March 2017, and the Udayana Master of Law Journal as a print and electronic publication media in developing Legal Science in Indonesia has registered with ARJUNA and has conducted a self-evaluation in order to submit a National Journal Accreditation application through ARJUNA. JMHU is published 4 (four) times a year, in May, July, September and December JMHU is an open access, double-blind peer reviewed law journal based on the Open Journal System (OJS), with a publication frequency of four (4) times a year, in May, July, September and December, all articles published through a peer review process from the Editorial Board, a review process from a team of internal and external reviewers. It was first published electronically as an Open Journal System (OJS) in 2012 under the management of the Master of Law Program (MLP), Universitas Udayana. Since 2017, MLP has been managed under the Faculty of Law, Universitas Udayana. Hence, JMHU also managed under the Faculty of Law, Universitas Udayana. JMHU focuses on recent developments of legal reform and development at local level, national, regional and global worldwide. The journal addresses issues on: Constitutional Law; Administrative Law; Criminal Law; Civil Law; International Law; Procedural Law; Customary Law; Business Law; Tourism Law; Environmental Law; Law and Society; Information Technology and Electronic Transaction Law; Human Rights Law; Contemporary Law.
Legality of Automated Decision-Making Clauses in Digital Standard Contracts
This research seeks to answer two core questions: first, whether ADM clauses may be considered legally valid under Indonesian contract law; and second, whether such clauses comply with fairness principles when examined in light of regulatory developments in comparative jurisdictions. By employing a doctrinal method supported by comparative legal analysis, this study examines statutory provisions, scholarly interpretations, and relevant regulatory approaches from selected foreign jurisdictions. The findings aim to clarify the legal position of ADM clauses in Indonesia and to formulate normative recommendations for developing a more coherent regulatory framework. In doing so, this research contributes to ongoing discourse on strengthening user protection, promoting contractual fairness, and enhancing legal certainty in Indonesia’s evolving digital ecosystem.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Elvira, Virgiawan Cikal Permana, Bagus Hermanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Intersections in Legal Research: Intercade Between Normative and Social Methods
It is need a differentiation by clear indicators between legal research and social research. This is because research has an important role in the development of science which is developed through a scientific research process. Based on this background, the research discusses how are the characteristics of legal research and the characteristics of social research? And how to distinguish between legal research and social research? The method used in this research is doctrinal law research methodology and literature study. The data used in this research is secondary data, which comes from the results of a literature search conducted. The results of the research shows that generally, it is known that legal research includes normative and empirical legal research. Meanwhile, social research based on the development of two research approaches, namely quantitative and qualitative research. Legal research methods and social research methods have their own characteristics that make them different from one another. The difference between legal research methods and social research methods lies in the object of research, which the object of legal research methods is law, and the object of social research methods are concerned with empirical truth. The method of legal research cannot be classified in the social research because of the unique workings of legal research and the scientific system that is different from other disciplines. However, despite the various differences between legal research methods and social research methods, these two methods still have links that can be unified through the socio-legal approach.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Desia Rakhma Banjarani, Rudi Natamiharja, Ria Wierma Putri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Measuring the Effectiveness of Ministry of Law Authority in Harmonizing Draft Regional Regulations for Cities
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Ministry of Law’s authority to harmonize Draft Regional Regulations of Mataram City following the enactment of Article 58 paragraph (2) and Article 97D of Law Number 13 of 2022 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Formation of Laws and Regulations. This research employs a normative-empirical method, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and sociological approaches. The findings indicate that the exercise of the Ministry of Law’s authority in harmonizing Draft Regional Regulations of Mataram City has not been effective. This is because such authority is limited to the issuance of a harmonization completion letter, without the power to ensure that the harmonization results are implemented by the Regional Government. Furthermore, there are no legal consequences if the Ministry of Law fails to conduct the harmonization process upon a request submitted by the Regional Government.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Mira Dwi, Galang Asmara, Muh. Risnain (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Juridical Review of the Restriction of Women's Rights in Leading Customary Villages from a Gender Perspective
This study aims to conduct a juridical analysis of how statutory regulations govern and restrict women's rights to perform leadership roles, to examine the legal implications of such restrictions, and to assess the forms of legal protection available to women who experience limitations on their leadership rights within customary village structures. The analysis adopts a gender-equality and non-discrimination perspective within Indonesia’s national legal system. The research employs a normative juridical approach, treating law as an autonomous set of norms and the main object of inquiry. This approach focuses on analyzing codified legal norms as contained in statutory provisions. This research used two principal approaches: the Statute Approach and the Analytical and Conceptual Approach. The findings show that, juridically, there is no provision in Indonesia’s national law that explicitly prohibits women from holding leadership positions. However, when viewed from a gender perspective, the obstacles faced by women largely originate from social constructions, entrenched patriarchal cultural dominance, and the absence of affirmative policies in sectoral regulations. Therefore, a gender-justice-oriented legal approach and capacity building for women are essential strategies to promote inclusive and transformative leadership. In the context of customary village leadership, structural inequalities remain evident and are underpinned by patriarchal norms that impede women's access to leadership positions. This situation contradicts the equality principles enshrined in national and international legal instruments, such as the 1945 Constitution, the Village Law (UU Desa), and the ratification of CEDAW, which affirm women's rights to full participation in public life and decision-making.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 I Putu Endra Wijaya Negara, Rifqon Khairazi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Problematika Tindakan Subrogasi Secara Sepihak: Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Debitor
This research examines subrogation actions that do not provide advance notification to the debtor, resulting in the transfer of collateral used to secure credit to a third party. The Panel of Judges who reviewed the cases granted the plaintiff/debtor's claim in some instances, while rejecting it in others. Referring to the aforementioned issues raises the question of how the validity of the subrogation mechanism is affected by the applicable statutory provisions and the legal protection of the debtor as the owner of the guarantee, if the bank's subrogation action is deemed invalid. The research method used in this paper is normative. According to the Civil Code, the transfer of receivables by PT Maybank as the Creditor was not a unilateral action. Rather, there were agreements and conditions previously agreed upon by both parties when the Plaintiff/Debtor obtained a credit facility from PT Maybank/Creditor. It is important to note that subjective evaluations have been excluded from this analysis. The plaintiff obtains legal protection for the unilateral subrogation action, which allows them to regain their rights to the land and building used as collateral, provided that they are in good condition and free of any occupants or belongings as well as to obtain compensation for material damages.
I Gusti Ayu Agung Anindya Prameswari Dewi
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Indra Dewantara, I Gede Druvananda Abhiseka, I Gusti Agung Virlan Awanadi, I Gusti Ayu Agung Anindya Prameswari Dewi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dinamika Mafia Perbankan dalam Kerangka Kebijakan Penegakan Hukum
This journal analyzes the phenomenon of the "banking mafia" in Indonesia, a term that refers to illegal and harmful practices involving collusion between actors both inside and outside banking institutions. These practices encompass a variety of modus operandi, including the disbursement of fictitious loans, money laundering, financial data manipulation, and embezzlement of customer funds. The existence of the banking mafia not only undermines the integrity of the financial system but also harms the national economy, erodes public trust, and hampers the growth of the real sector. Using a multidisciplinary approach that integrates legal, economic, and criminological analysis, this journal seeks to identify the characteristics, modus operandi, impacts, and challenges in law enforcement against this form of organized banking crime. The journal aims to present policy recommendations and comprehensive strategic measures to prevent, detect, and eradicate banking mafia practices, ultimately fostering a healthy and integrity-driven financial system.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Lila Tania (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Berbasis Gotong Royong Terhadap Dana Bantuan Langsung Tunai Desa (BLT Desa) di Kecamatan Bengalon
The Bengalon district's success in implementing Village Direct Cash Assistance Funds from 2021 to 2024 demonstrates the effectiveness of this policy in providing social assistance to those impacted by the pandemic. Overall, the Village Direct Cash Assistance Funds program has significantly alleviated the economic pressure caused by the pandemic. However, steps are needed to ensure this policy's long-term impact, combining direct assistance with economic empowerment to reduce dependency and increase beneficiaries' independence in the long term. This study aims to analyze the strategic empowerment of economic activities based on gotong royong in the use of Village Direct Cash Assistance Funds by communities affected by the pandemic in villages across the Bengalon district. The research approach used is qualitative and employs a qualitative descriptive method. The results of this study are as follows: The Bengalon Direct Cash Assistance program's impact on beneficiary families during the pandemic is concerning. Data indicate that beneficiaries have become excessively reliant on Village Direct Cash Assistance Funds distributions, which could impede their progress towards economic independence after the pandemic. Therefore, efforts are needed to empower the economy based on gotong royong to reduce dependence and increase the independence of beneficiaries in the long term. Pelaksanaan Bantuan langsung tunai Desa di Kecamatan Bengalon tahun 2021 hingga 2024 membuktikan bahwa pelaksanaan kebijakan ini berjalan dengan baik dan berhasil dalam penyaluran bantuan sosial guna membantu masyarakat yang terdampak pandemi COVID-19. Secara keseluruhan, kebijakan bantuan langsung tunai Desa memberikan kontribusi besar dalam meredakan tekanan ekonomi yang bersumber dari pandemi ini. Namun, terkait keberlanjutan dampak dari kebijakan ini langkah-langkah strategis sangat dibutuhkan, yang memadukan bantuan langsung dengan pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat untuk mengurangi ketergantungan dan meningkatkan kemandirian penerima manfaat dalam jangka panjang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategis pemberdayaan ekonomi berbasis gotong royong terhadap penggunaan dana Bantuan Langsung Tunai Desa pada masyarakat terdampak covid-19 di desa se-Kecamatan Bengalon. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Adapun hasil penelitian ini yaitu, Implikasi dari pelaksanaan Bantuan Langsung Tunai Desa terhadap keluarga penerima manfaat di Kecamatan Bengalon pada masa pandemi covid-19 menunjukkan adanya tanda-tanda bahwa penerima manfaat terlalu bergantung pada penyaluran Bantuan Langsung Tunai Desa dan dapat menghambat segala upaya masyarakat untuk kembali mandiri secara ekonomi pascapandemi sehingga dampak dari kebijakan ini diperlukan upaya pemberdayaan ekonomi yang berbasis gotong royong untuk mengurangi ketergantungan dan meningkatkan kemandirian penerima manfaat dalam jangka panjang.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Langgeng Saputra, Ipah Ema Jumiati, Florentina Ratih Wulandari (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) dalam Perspektif Hukum Pembangunan Ekonomi: Studi Kasus Keterbatasan Akses Modal bagi UMKM di Indonesia
The People’s Business Credit (Kredit Usaha Rakyat, KUR) is a strategic program launched by the Government of Indonesia to expand access to financing for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The program offers subsidized interest rates and a non-collateral policy for loans below IDR 100 million. KUR is designed to support inclusive economic development by promoting the growth of MSMEs and creating more equitable economic opportunities. However, empirical evidence shows a significant gap between the legal objectives of the program and banking practices in the field. Disbursing banks, particularly state-owned banks (BUMN), often require hidden collateral and tend to prioritize existing borrowers over new ones. This misalignment undermines the program’s goals of expanding financial access to underserved entrepreneurs and fostering inclusive economic growth. This study applies a legal development economics approach to examine the divergence between public policy and the operational practices of banks. It highlights the implications of these discrepancies for achieving development objectives, MSME access to capital, and the broader principle of economic justice. The findings indicate the urgent need for regulatory harmonization, stronger banking supervision, and legally grounded financial inclusion strategies to ensure that KUR functions effectively as a catalyst for equitable and sustainable economic growth.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Kornelis Ratu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Problematika Pemaknaan Sanksi Perbaikan Akibat Tindak Pidana dan Reformulasi Pidana Tambahan Korporasi pada Kejahatan Lingkungan
The research aims to examine the problem of vague norms concerning additional criminal sanctions for corporations under Article 119 letter c of Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, which has resulted in inconsistent court decisions, thereby undermining legal certainty and impeding the restoration of environments damaged by criminal acts. This study employs a normative legal research methodology. The findings of this study reveal that the provisions of Article 119 letter c suffer from weaknesses in their legal construction, owing to the absence of clear parameters and regulatory mechanisms governing remedial sanction implementation following criminal acts. Therefore, in order to minimize these shortcomings, a reformulation of the sanctioning norms applicable to criminal acts is necessary, alongside the introduction of an innovation in the form of standardization through the integration of restorative execution mechanisms.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Luh Amelia Savitri, Sagung Putri M.E. Purwani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Etika dan Hukum dalam Pelayanan Kedokteran Gigi Anak: Studi terhadap Informed Consent dan Perlindungan Pasien
Pediatric dental care requires special attention to ethical and legal aspects, as child patients do not yet have the legal capacity to provide medical consent independently. This study addresses the problem of how the principle of informed consent is applied in pediatric dental practice and to what extent legal protection for child patients in Indonesia has been effectively implemented. Using a normative juridical approach combined with comparative analysis of statutory regulations—particularly Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health and Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection—this research examines the gap between legal norms and clinical practice. The findings reveal that informed consent procedures are often carried out without adequate documentation and without explanations tailored to the child’s level of understanding, thereby potentially violating medical ethics and the rights of child patients. The novelty of this study lies in identifying the need for strengthening technical regulations and enhancing the role of ethics committees as more effective accountability mechanisms. The study recommends improving legal literacy among medical professionals and optimizing ethical oversight to ensure pediatric dental services are delivered safely, with dignity, and in accordance with principles of justice and legal protection.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Arnawati Ida Ayu, Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, Ida Bagus Surya Dharma Jaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Harmonisasi Norma Kecakapan Melangsungkan Perkawinan Dalam Perspektif Hukum Perkawinan dan Perlindungan Anak
This research aims to examine and analyze the regulatory framework that gives rise to normative conflicts concerning the legal capacity to enter into marriage from the perspectives of Marriage Law and Child Protection Law, as well as to analyze and evaluate the harmonization of norms carried out to align provisions on the capacity to marry. This study employs normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach, using legal materials consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The collection of legal materials is conducted through document study techniques. Furthermore, the analysis of legal materials is carried out using a norm harmonization method based on the principles of legal preference in order to obtain legal certainty regarding existing normative conflicts, and is analyzed qualitatively using descriptive-analytical techniques. The results of the study indicate that the regulations causing normative conflicts regarding the capacity to enter into marriage within the perspectives of marriage law and child protection are found in Article 7 paragraph (2) of the Marriage Law, which regulates exceptions to marriage (marriage dispensation), while Article 26 paragraph (1) letter c of the Child Protection Law regulates the prevention of child marriage. The harmonization of norms to align provisions on the capacity to marry is conducted by applying the most appropriate legal preference principle, namely lex specialis derogat legi generalis, whereby the Child Protection Law takes precedence over the Marriage Law.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 NI NYOMAN DEVI KARTIKASARI KARTIKASARI, I Made Dedy Priyanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
International Policy Regarding Cyberbullying of Children: What Extent is the Response of Education Units in Indonesia?
Cyberbullying is a phenomenon of violence perpetrated against children via the internet. It might be said that Indonesia is going through a bullying emergency because the number of cases is rising annually. In this research, two issues will be discussed, namely, the course of international policy in tackling cyberbullying and anti-cyberbullying policy in the educational environment in Indonesia. This research is normative juridical research examining the synchronization and harmonization of laws in dealing with the issue of cyberbullying in Indonesia. The findings show that the course of international policy regarding the protection of children from cyberbullying proceeds from various discussion angles, namely, the protection of personal data, cybercrime, and child protection. However, there are international legal instruments that explicitly discuss anti-bullying. In national law, cyberbullying only exists in the Elucidation of Article 29 of Law Number 1 of 2024, the Ministerial Regulation of 2015, and the Ministerial Regulation of 2019. Without policies at the school level, which is the most significant social environment for children, good legal substance will be meaningless.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Dewi Bunga (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pengaruh Teknologi Digital terhadap Modus Operandi Prostitusi Anak di Kota Yogyakarta
Online prostitution in Indonesia has grown rapidly with advances in technology, complicating surveillance and law enforcement, especially when it involves child exploitation. A case in Yogyakarta that revealed the use of online dating apps for child trafficking highlights serious challenges in tracking and protecting victims. This study uses a legal-empirical research method. The findings reveal that the modus operandi of the perpetrators, including booking hotels for specific periods, targeting major cities as operational bases, leveraging social media, and maintaining high mobility, provide insights into the complexity and adaptability of these illegal practices. In this context, a deep understanding of these stages is expected to significantly contribute to our knowledge of the dynamics of online prostitution in Yogyakarta and serve as a foundation for improving policies and enforcing the law more effectively. However, this study also highlights several challenges faced by the Yogyakarta Police Department. One major challenge is the investigative process involving PPA investigators who must pose as potential customers. This challenge is not only technical but also involves security and psychological aspects that require high interpersonal skills. Additionally, the difficulty in proving the age of the children involved, especially when they come from outside the city, adds to the complexity of handling these cases.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Wahyu Priyanka Nata Permana, Fuadi Isnawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Passive Euthanasia and the Right to Human Dignity: Ethical and Legal Analysis
This study aims to examine the legal regulations related to passive euthanasia in Indonesia by highlighting the issues of the right to life, the right to die with dignity, and the ambiguity of regulations that affect patients and medical personnel. The study focuses on analyzing how positive law, bioethical principles, and human rights should guide end-of-life decisions. The research method used is normative legal research with an interdisciplinary approach, through the review of legislation, concept analysis, and comparison of practices in several countries. The results of the study found that Indonesia does not yet have specific regulations regarding passive euthanasia; Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and Law Number 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practice only regulate the right of patients to refuse treatment in general without providing implementable guidelines for medical decisions in terminal conditions. This void creates uncertainty and vulnerability for both doctors and patients. Comparisons with the Netherlands and Japan show that strict regulations, accompanied by oversight mechanisms, can prevent abuse while still respecting patient autonomy. Based on these findings, this study recommends regulatory reform through the drafting of provisions on health wills, living wills, and the strengthening of palliative care services as steps to ensure legal certainty and the protection of human dignity. Overall, the study emphasizes that more ethical, comprehensive, and human rights-based legal reforms are urgently needed to address contemporary medical challenges.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Ida Ayu Intan Kartika Dewi, I Wayan Parsa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reforming The Settlement of Labor Disputes in Achieving the Integration of National Digital Services
The resolution of labor-related disputes, as well as key rules governing workers and employment problems, is based on Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower and Law No. 2 of 2004 on Industrial Relations Dispute Settlement, may be pursued through both judicial and non-judicial mechanisms. However, practical implementation reveals persistent challenges, particularly in realizing the principles of dispute resolution that are expeditious, straightforward, and affordable. This study employs a normative juridical methodology by examining legal doctrines through a literature review and comparative analysis of statutory provisions. The findings indicate several determinants influencing the effectiveness of mediation, conciliation, and the Industrial Relations Court (IRC). The performance of the IRC demonstrates suboptimal effectiveness in upholding principles of fairness and efficiency in dispute adjudication. When mediation or conciliation results in mutual agreement, the parties may register the settlement with the IRC for certification; conversely, unsuccessful negotiations allow the filing of formal claims before the IRC. To promote a dispute resolution system that is efficient, swift, and cost-effective, Presidential Decree No. 82 of 2023 on the Acceleration of Digital Transformation and National Digital Service Integration provides a legal foundation for modernizing industrial relations dispute resolution mechanisms through digital innovation.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Sherly Ayuna Putri, Rai Mantili, Efa Laela Fakhriah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perjanjian Kawin Pasca Judicial Review Mahkamah Konstitusi: Antara Kebebasan Berkehendak dan Kepastian Hukum
This research aims to understand and to analyse (1) free will as a form of freedom of contract in marital agreement; (2) the reasoning of unmet legal certainty in marital agreement after yudisial review in the Constitutional Court; and (3) risk mitigation of marital agreement dispute after the yudisial review. This normative legal research was supported by data from source person. This descriptive-analytical research used secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. All data were analysed qualitatively, with inductive conclusion drawing method. The research found that after the yudisial review, parties’ free will in marital agreement is very visible, as husband-and-wife are allowed to create; to revoke; or to amend the marital agreement during their marriage as long as it is agreed by parties and brings no damage to the third party. This huge freedom decreases legal certainty for the third party, i.e., debtors or creditors of the married couple. Risk mitigation of the tug-of-war between freedom of contract and legal certainty principles requires more concrete implementation guideline, e.g., (1) determining the reasons and limitations on whether the married couples are permitted of prohibited from making, changing, or revoking their prenuptial agreements; (2) determining when a prenuptial agreement may apply retroactively or not; as well as (3) requiring a document of absolute responsibility from the marital agreement makers to protect the public officials (i.e., notary, as the authentic deed maker).
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Ninik Darmini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Legal Framework for Personal Data Deletion on Social Media in Indonesia: A New Chapter in Digital Privacy Protection
The pervasive use of social media necessitates serious attention to personal data protection, particularly during registration where users must provide identifiers like usernames, birth dates, and email addresses, raising significant legal concerns over data security and management. In Indonesia, this protection is framed by Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law). Article 8 explicitly affirms the data subject's right to terminate processing, delete, and/or destroy personal data, formally acknowledging the right to erasure. However, the law omits clear technical procedures for exercising this right, creating legal uncertainty. This study aims to address two primary questions: first, how current positive law (ius constitutum) regulates social media users' personal data protection regarding personal data deletion; and second, the legal responsibilities of platforms in personal data breach cases. Employing normative legal research with a descriptive-analytical library approach, the study utilizes statutory and analytical methods. Legal materials comprise primary sources like regulations and secondary sources including legal textbooks and journals. Data is presented, interpreted, and evaluated through qualitative descriptive-analytical analysis. The research findings indicate that the process for personal data deletion on social media platforms remains heavily contingent upon user-agreed terms and conditions, governed by contractual agreements. Furthermore, platforms bear legal responsibility to provide compensation, specifically in the form of monetary damages, for breaches resulting from their proven fault or negligence.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 I Putu Gede Arya Sanjaya, Dewa Krishna Prasada (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Instrumen Demokratisasi Hukum: Upaya Membatasi Dominasi Oligarki dalam Sistem Peradilan Indonesia
Every citizen normatively holds an equal position before the law. Judicial practice demonstrates that access to justice has not been distributed evenly. Complex legal procedures, high costs, and lengthy processes constitute obstacles for marginalized communities in asserting their rights, causing the judicial system to be more easily accessed by groups with economic power and political influence, and thereby fostering the dominance of legal oligarchy. This condition underscores the need for legal instruments within the judicial system that expand access to justice while simultaneously limiting the dominance of legal oligarchy. This research constitutes normative legal research that analyzes legal theories and principles to address existing legal problems. The findings demonstrate that simple lawsuits constitute an important instrument of legal democratization in Indonesia. In essence, the principles of speed, affordability, and procedural simplicity embedded in the concept of simple lawsuits expand access to justice for marginalized communities while limiting the dominance of legal oligarchy that often characterizes conventional judicial systems. Through this mechanism, the principle of equality before the law becomes more tangible, as simple lawsuits facilitate a more inclusive, efficient, and substantively just system of adjudication. Setiap warga negara secara normatif memiliki kedudukan yang sama di hadapan hukum. Pada praktek peradilan menunjukkan bahwa akses terhadap keadilan belum terdistribusi secara merata. Prosedur hukum yang kompleks, berbiaya tinggi, dan memakan waktu lama menjadi kendala bagi masyarakat kecil dalam memperjuangkan haknya, sehingga sistem peradilan lebih mudah diakses oleh kelompok yang memiliki kekuatan ekonomi dan kekuasaan serta mendorong terbentuknya dominasi oligarki hukum. Hal inilah yang kemudian mendorong perlunya instrument hukum dalam sistem peradilan yang memperluas akses keadilan sekaligus sebagai upaya membatasi dominasi oligarki hukum dalam sistem peradilan tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menganalisis teori dan asas-asas dalam ilmu hukum untuk menjawab permasalahan hukum yang terjadi. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa gugatan sederhana adalah instrumen penting demokratisasi hukum di Indonesia. Pada prinsipnya, prosedur cepat, murah, dan sederhana, pada konsep gugatan sederhana memperluas akses keadilan bagi masyarakat kecil sekaligus membatasi dominasi oligarki hukum yang kerap mendominasi sistem peradilan konvensional. Melalui mekanisme ini, prinsip equality before the law semakin nyata, karena gugatan sederhana mampu menghadirkan peradilan yang lebih inklusif, efisien, dan berpihak pada keadilan substantif.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Francisca Widiastuti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Valuasi Merek Sebagai Modal dalam Perjanjian Kerja Sama sebagai Bentuk Pembangunan Hukum Merek yang Berkeadilan di Indonesia
This paper aims to examine the urgency of brand valuation as an asset in cooperation agreements and to propose ideas for the formulation of fair brand valuation regulations in Indonesia. This research adopts a normative juridical approach, utilizing literature review and secondary data analysis through a statutory approach. The findings indicate that brand valuation as an asset in cooperation agreements is essential to ensure legal certainty and fairness for the parties involved. Indonesia needs to establish a fair legal framework for brand valuation by creating an official valuation institution and subsequently formulating official brand valuation guidelines. The establishment of a brand valuation institution is not only important for the enforcement of intellectual property rights, but also provides legal protection and economic benefits for parties using brands as capital in business cooperation agreements. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to issue regulations governing brand valuation as part of the development of a fair trademark law system in Indonesia. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji urgensi valuasi merek sebagai aset dalam perjanjian kerja sama dan memberikan gagasan pembentukan regulasi valuasi merek yang berkeadilan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan memanfaatkan studi kepustakaan dan analisis data sekunder melalui pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa valuasi merek sebagai aset dalam perjanjian kerja sama sangat penting untuk menjamin kepastian hukum dan keadilan bagi para pihak yang terlibat. Indonesia perlu membangun kerangka hukum yang adil terkait valuasi merek dengan membentuk lembaga penilaian resmi serta merumuskan pedoman valuasi merek yang bersifat formal. Pembentukan lembaga valuasi merek tidak hanya penting bagi penegakan hak kekayaan intelektual, tetapi juga memberikan perlindungan hukum dan manfaat ekonomi bagi para pihak yang menggunakan merek sebagai modal dalam perjanjian kerja sama usaha. Oleh karena itu, sangat mendesak untuk menerbitkan peraturan yang mengatur valuasi merek sebagai bagian dari pengembangan sistem hukum merek yang berkeadilan di Indonesia.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Gede Angga Prawirayuda (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sengketa Lintas Negara Atas Tanah Virtual Metaverse: Analisis Hak Properti Digital dalam Hukum Perdata Internasional
The rapid expansion of metaverse platforms has generated a new form of digital asset known as metaverse land, which can be purchased, transferred, and endowed with economic value. This development raises fundamental legal questions regarding the status of virtual land and the mechanisms for resolving cross-border ownership disputes in the absence of any physical territorial connection. This study aims to analyze the legal basis of metaverse land ownership, determine the appropriate jurisdiction in cross-border disputes, and examine the enforceability of court judgments against digital assets governed by blockchain-based private governance. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches. The findings indicate that metaverse land cannot be equated with physical land rights; rather, it constitutes a form of digital property whose legal force derives from platform governance, smart contracts, and terms of service. Cross-border disputes face significant jurisdictional challenges due to the lack of territorial situs, necessitating a jurisdictional model grounded in the effects doctrine and party autonomy. The study concludes that Indonesia’s private international law framework must be reoriented to accommodate the recognition and enforcement of digital property rights in virtual environments. Perkembangan metaverse telah menciptakan bentuk baru kepemilikan aset digital berupa metaverse land yang dapat diperjualbelikan, dialihkan, dan dilekati nilai ekonomi. Fenomena ini memunculkan persoalan mendasar mengenai kedudukan hukum tanah virtual dan bagaimana sengketa kepemilikan lintas negara dapat diselesaikan ketika tidak ada lokasi fisik yang dapat dijadikan dasar yurisdiksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dasar kepemilikan metaverse land, menentukan yurisdiksi yang berwenang menangani sengketa cross-border, serta mengkaji kemungkinan penegakan putusan pengadilan terhadap objek digital yang berada dalam ekosistem privat berbasis blockchain. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metaverse land tidak dapat sepenuhnya disetarakan dengan hak atas tanah fisik, melainkan lebih mendekati kategori digital property yang keberlakuannya ditentukan oleh platform governance, smart contract, dan ketentuan layanan (terms of service). Sengketa lintas negara menghadapi tantangan yurisdiksi karena tidak adanya situs tanah, sehingga diperlukan model penetapan yurisdiksi berbasis effects doctrine dan party autonomy. Penelitian ini menegaskan perlunya pembaruan rezim HPI Indonesia agar mampu mengakomodasi penegakan hak properti digital di ruang virtual.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 komang Widiana Purnawan, I Nyoman Bagiastra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Keberlakukan Perjanjian Harta Benda Perkawinan yang Dibuat Oleh Notaris Indonesia di Luar Negeri
The purpose of this study is to analyze the position of marital property agreements from a civil law perspective and to analyze the enforceability of marital property agreements by Indonesian notaries used abroad. The research method used in this study is a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and a case approach. The results of this study explain that in terms of codification, marital property agreements are regulated in Book I of the Civil Code concerning Persons, specifically in Chapter VII concerning Marriage Agreements in Articles 139-179 of the Civil Code. Although the regulations are included in Book I of the Civil Code, they are still bound by the conditions for the validity of the agreement as stated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. Furthermore, regarding the enforceability of marital property agreements by Indonesian notaries, they cannot be enforced abroad. This is because marital property agreements concern the personal status of husband and wife in the marriage bond and regulate the legal relationship between them during the marriage, which can be determined based on the principle of nationality or the principle of territoriality depending on the country that adheres to it. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kedudukan perjanjian harta benda perkawinan dalam perspektif hukum perdata serta menganalisis keberlakukan perjanjian harta benda perkawinan oleh notaris Indonesia yang digunakan di Luar Negeri. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa Secara kodifikasi, perjanjian harta benda perkawinan diatur dalam Buku I KUHPerdata tentang Orang, tepatnya dalam Bab VII tentang Perjanjian Kawin dalam Pasal 139 – 179 KUHPerdata. Meskipun pengaturannya termasuk dalam Buku I KUHPerdata namun tetap terikat dengan syarat-syarat sahnya perjanjian yang tercantum dalam Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata. Selanjutnya terkait keberlakuan perjanjian harta benda perkawinan oleh Notaris Indonesia tidak dapat diberlakukan di luar negeri. Hal ini karena perjanjian harta benda perkawinan menyangkut status personal suami istri dalam ikatan perkawinan dan mengatur hubungan hukum di antara mereka selama perkawinan berlangsung yang dapat ditentukan berdasarkan asas nasionalitas atau asas teritorialitas tergantung negara yang menganutnya.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Aprillia, Afifah Kusumadara, Rika Kurniaty (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Kewenangan Pengadilan Negeri dalam Melaksanakan Eksekusi Putusan Deklaratoir
This reseach analyzes the authority of the district court in executing the declaratory decision in the Second Judicial Review Decision Number: 1104 PK/PDT/2022. Theoretically, declaratory judgments are non-executable as they only affirm a legal status without a condemnatory clause. However, in this case, the Chief Judge of Denpasar District Court issued an execution order, contradicting established legal principles. The research employs normative legal research methods, including statutory, analytical, and case approaches. The findings reveal that executing a declaratory judgment requires a new lawsuit demanding a condemnatory clause, such as an order to comply with the previous judgment. Additionally, execution can proceed provisionally (uitvoerbaar bij voorraad) despite appeals, provided it meets relevance criteria and does not conflict with other rulings. These results highlight the need for judicial institutions to clarify and reinforce the principles governing the execution of declaratory judgments. Penelitian ini menganalisis kewenangan pengadilan negeri dalam melaksanakan eksekusi putusan deklaratoir dalam Putusan Peninjauan Kembali Kedua Nomor: 1104 PK/PDT/2022. Secara teoritis, putusan deklaratoir bersifat non-executable karena hanya memuat penegasan suatu keadaan hukum tanpa amar condemnatoir. Namun, dalam kasus ini, Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Kelas IA Denpasar mengeluarkan penetapan eksekusi, yang bertentangan dengan prinsip hukum yang berlaku. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, analisis, dan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eksekusi putusan deklaratoir hanya dapat dilakukan melalui gugatan baru yang meminta amar condemnatoir, seperti penghukuman untuk mematuhi putusan sebelumnya. Selain itu, eksekusi dapat dilaksanakan dengan putusan serta merta (uitvoerbaar bij voorraad) meskipun ada upaya banding, asalkan memenuhi syarat relevansi dan tidak bertentangan dengan putusan lain. Temuan ini mengindikasikan perlunya penegasan ulang terhadap pemahaman dan penerapan asas eksekusi dalam putusan deklaratoir oleh lembaga peradilan.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Kadek Januarsa Adi Sudharma, I Putu Windu Semara Putra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bentuk Tanggung Jawab Hukum Notaris terhadap Kelalaian Kebocoran Data Akta Elektronik di Sistem Cyber
This normative legal research to analyze the form of legal responsibility incumbent upon a Notary for negligence resulting in the breach of electronic deed data within the cyber system. Legal protection for the aggrieved parties is established by the Law on Notary Position (UUJN) and the Law on Personal Data Protection (UU PDP). The Notary is professionally obligated to maintain the confidentiality of the deed. A breach of this duty may incur administrative sanctions and civil sanctions in the form of compensation liability, as stipulated in Article 16 paragraphs (11) and (12) of the UUJN. As a Data Controller (Pengendali Data Pribadi), the Notary bears full responsibility for any failure in Personal Data Protection (PDP) (Article 47 UU PDP). Upon such a failure, the Notary must provide written notification to the Data Subject and the Institution within a maximum of 3×24 hours, detailing the disclosed data, the time of disclosure, and the remedial measures undertaken (Article 46 UU PDP). The Form of Legal Responsibility encompasses both civil and criminal liabilities. The Notary, as the electronic system operator, is generally required to be accountable for data breaches arising from negligence. Under the UU PDP, the Notary must secure Personal Data by implementing effective technical and operational measures (Article 35 UU PDP). Furthermore, the UU PDP prescribes stringent criminal sanctions: any individual who intentionally and unlawfully obtains, discloses, or uses unauthorized Personal Data faces a penalty of imprisonment for up to 5 years and/or a maximum fine of Rp5 Billion. Penelitian hukum normatif ini bertujuan menganalisis bentuk tanggung jawab hukum Notaris terhadap kelalaian kebocoran data akta elektronik dalam sistem siber. Perlindungan Hukum bagi pihak yang dirugikan bersumber dari Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris (UUJN) dan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Data Pribadi (UU PDP). Notaris wajib merahasiakan akta. Pelanggaran kerahasiaan dapat memicu sanksi administratif (peringatan, pemberhentian) sesuai Pasal 16 ayat (11) UUJN, dan sanksi perdata berupa ganti rugi (Pasal 16 ayat (12) UUJN). Sebagai Pengendali Data Pribadi, Notaris wajib memikul tanggung jawab penuh atas kegagalan Perlindungan Data Pribadi (PDP) (Pasal 47 UU PDP). Jika terjadi kegagalan, Notaris harus memberi pemberitahuan tertulis kepada Subjek Data Pribadi dan Lembaga paling lambat 3×24 jam, yang memuat detail data yang terungkap dan upaya pemulihan (Pasal 46 UU PDP). Bentuk Tanggung Jawab Hukum Notaris mencakup aspek perdata dan pidana. Notaris sebagai penyelenggara sistem elektronik wajib bertanggung jawab atas kelalaiannya terhadap kebocoran data. Dalam kerangka UU PDP, Notaris bertanggung jawab mengamankan Data Pribadi melalui langkah-langkah teknis dan operasional yang efektif (Pasal 35 UU PDP). Notaris juga wajib mengumumkan kegagalan proteksi data kepada publik (Pasal 46 UU PDP). Selain itu, UU PDP mengatur sanksi pidana tegas: setiap orang yang dengan sengaja memperoleh, mengungkapkan, atau menggunakan data pribadi bukan miliknya secara melawan hukum, diancam pidana penjara paling lama 5 tahun dan/atau denda hingga Rp5 Miliar.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Ni Kadek Melati Anggun Yulian, Ni Gusti Agung Ayu Mas Tri Wulandari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Transformasi Penegakan Hukum dan Sistem Hukum Tindak Pidana Korupsi Perspektif Panta Rhei
This study seeks to explore legal changes pertaining to corruption offenses in the digital age and emphasize the necessity of taking a more modern legal stance. It is a normative juridical legal study that uses the legislative approach method and the conceptual approach. The analysis is conducted descriptively to illustrate the changes in the implementation of law concerning corruption cases that occur in the digital age. The findings indicate that the enforcement of anti-corruption laws requires adaptation to the rapid advancement of technology. Moreover, a progressive legal implementation must be responsive to societal and technological developments in order to address the growing complexity of corruption cases. In this context, it is essential for the legal system to integrate the principles of transparency, restorative justice, and public participation to build a more efficient and sustainable legal framework. Institutional reform and the utilization of technology are also identified as key factors in promoting more transparent and accountable anti-corruption efforts. Studi ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji perubahan hukum terkait tindak pidana korupsi di zaman digital serta menyoroti pentingnya penggunaan pendekatan hukum yang lebih progresif. Adalah studi hukum yuridis normatif yang menggunakan metode pendekatan peraturan perundangan dan pendekatan konsep. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif untuk menggambarkan perubahan dalam implementasi hukum pada kasus korupsi yang terjadi di era digital. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penegakan hukum korupsi memerlukan adaptasi terhadap perkembangan teknologi yang semakin pesat. Selain itu, pelaksanaan hukum yang progresif harus dapat menanggapi perubahan dalam masyarakat dan teknologi yang dibutuhkan untuk menghadapi kompleksitas kasus korupsi. Dalam konteks ini, penting bagi sistem hukum untuk menggabungkan prinsip transparansi, keadilanrestoratif, serta keterlibatan masyarakat agar dapat menciptakan sistem hukum yang lebih efisien dan berkelanjutan. Reformasi kelembagaan dan pemanfaatan teknologi menjadi faktor penting dalam mendukung pemberantasan korupsi yang lebih transparan dan akuntabel.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Yogi Yasa Wedha, Made Hendra Wijaya, I Gusti Ngurah Adi Prabawa (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analisis Yuridis Berbasis Pancasila, Konstitusi dan HAM Terhadap Limitasi Pengajuan Saksi dalam Peradilan Pidana
Law can provide justice if its normative concepts are non-discriminatory. In the Criminal Procedure Code, there are norms that impose limitations (restrictions) on parties who may be presented as witnesses in the criminal justice process, as regulated in Article 168 paragraphs (1) and (2), Article 169 paragraphs (1) and (2), and Article 185 paragraph (7). This study aims to examine and analyze whether these legal norms align with and do not conflict with Pancasila, the Constitution, and laws and regulations governing human rights. This research employs a normative legal method using a philosophical and statutory approach, with data analyzed through normative qualitative analysis techniques. Data collection in this study was conducted through statutory review, literature review, and document analysis. The findings of this study indicate that an ideal law is one that can provide a balanced concept of justice for every individual and group. Therefore, every legal norm should be based on the values of Pancasila, the Constitution, and the fundamental principles of human rights as regulated in various laws and regulations concerning human rights. Hukum mampu memberikan keadilan jika konsep normanya tidak bersifat diskriminatif. Terdapat norma-norma di dalam KUHAP yang memberikan limitasi (pembatasan) terhadap pihak-pihak yang dapat diajukan sebagai saksi dalam proses peradilan pidana, sebagaimana diatur di dalam “pasal 168 ayat (1) dan (2), pasal 169 ayat (1) dan (2), pasal 185 ayat (7)” Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengaji dan menganalisis apakah norma hukum tersebut telah sejalan dan tidak bertentangan dengan “pancasila, konstitusi serta peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur tentang HAM. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif melalui pendekatan filosofis serta pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dengan teknik analisis data berupa analisis kualitatif normatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melalui studi peraturan perundang-undangan, studi kepustakaan serta studi dokumen. Dari hasil penelitian ini, dapat kita ketahui bahwa hukum yang diharapkan adalah hukum yang mampu memberikan konsep keseimbangan kepada setiap individu maupun kelompok. Dan sudah seharusnya, setiap norma di dalam aturan hukum didasarkan atas nilai-nilai Pancasila, konstitusi, dan juga prinsip dan nilai-nilai dasar HAM sebagaimana diatur di dalam sejumlah peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur tentang HAM.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Muhammad Agung Ardiputra, I Made Wirya Darma (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hakekat Pewarisan terhadap Laki-Laki yang Berstatus Mulih Teruna di Bali
The purpose of this research is to analyze the nature of inheritance to men who have the status of mulih teruna in Bali. The research method used is normative research method. The results showed that the nature of male inheritance in nyeburin marriage after divorce that in the context of inheritance is not only based on blood ties, but also on the fulfillment of customary and religious obligations (swadharma), in accordance with the principle of balance. After divorce in a nyeburin marriage, men who return to the family of origin (mulih truna status) are entitled to part of their parents' inheritance. However, with the regulation of inheritance rights in MDA Decree 04/2023, this provision raises the potential for conflict and legal uncertainty, especially if there are other heirs who continue to carry out full customary obligations. Furthermore, based on this, the principles of legal certainty and balance must be the main basis in the preparation and implementation of customary inheritance rules in order to be fair and avoid conflict, then the concept of separating the meaning between collective rights as moral rights and individual rights to property that is material in nature so that it can be formulated that they are not entitled to inheritance rights to inherited property, but are still open to the acquisition of rights by paying attention to the principle of parimirma, namely the principle of compassion, the process of transferring inheritance can be carried out by consensus based on deliberations with the family of origin. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis terkait dengan hakekat pewarisan terhadap laki-laki yang berstatus mulih teruna di Bali. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hakekat pewarisan laki-laki pada perkawinan nyeburin setelah perceraian bahwa dalam konteks pewarisan tidak hanya didasarkan pada pertalian darah, tetapi juga pada pemenuhan kewajiban adat dan agama (swadharma), sesuai dengan asas keseimbangan. Setelah perceraian dalam perkawinan nyeburin, laki-laki yang kembali ke keluarga asal (berstatus mulih truna) berhak atas sebagian warisan orang tuanya. Namun dengan diaturnya hak mewaris dalam Keputusan MDA 04/2023, ketentuan ini memunculkan potensi konflik dan ketidakpastian hukum, terutama jika ada ahli waris lain yang tetap menjalankan kewajiban adat secara penuh. Selanjutnya berdasarkan hal tersebut kemudian asas kepastian hukum dan keseimbangan harus menjadi landasan utama dalam penyusunan dan pelaksanaan aturan pewarisan adat agar adil dan menghindari konflik, kemudian konsep pemisahan pemaknaan antara hak yang bersifat kolektif sebagai hak moral dengan hak individual atas harta yang bersifat kebendaan sehingga dapat dirumuskan terhadapnya tidak berhak atas hak waris atas harta warisan, namun tetap terbuka perolehan hak dengan memperhatikan asas parimirma yaitu asas welas asih proses peralihan warisan dapat dilakukan secara konsensus berdasarkan musyawarah dengan keluarga asal.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Komang Arya Mukti Maruti (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Constitutional Implications of Constitutional Court Decision No. 135/PUU-XXII/2024 on the Separation of National and Regional Elections
The Constitutional Court Decision No. 135/PUU-XXII/2024 signifies a fundamental shift in the design of electoral simultaneity in Indonesia, mandating the separation of national and regional elections starting in 2029. This article analyzes the constitutional implications of this decision on the presidential system, regional governance, electoral administration efficiency, and the quality of democracy. Employing a normative juridical approach, the study finds that the ruling responds to the excessive workload of electoral organizers and the potential decline in electoral quality caused by the former "five-ballot" system. Nevertheless, the decision has also triggered debates concerning the judicial consistency of the Constitutional Court compared to its previous rulings and the implications for the legislature's open legal policy. The article concludes by emphasizing the urgency of comprehensive electoral law reform and the need for constitutional dialogue among state institutions to develop a more adaptive electoral system and safeguard the quality of future democratic processes.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Ahmad, Rahmat Teguh Santoso Gobel (Penulis); Yassine Chami (Penerjemah) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Harmonisasi Pengaturan Syarat Pengenaan Restorative Justice dalam Kasus Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas yang Menyebabkan Kematian
This reiseiarch eixamineis thei Harmonization of Reiguilations Goveirning thei Application of Reistorativei Juisticei in Caseis of Traffic Accideints Reisuilting in Deiath. This stuidy eimploys a normativei leigal reiseiarch meithod. Thei cuirreint reiguilations conceirning thei application of reistorativei juisticei in caseis of fatal traffic accideints lack a cleiar and speicific leigal fouindation. Althouigh threiei reiguilations goveirn Reistorativei Juisticei—nameily National Policei Chieif Reiguilation No. 8/2021, Attorneiy Geineiral's Reiguilation No. 15/2020, and Suipreimei Couirt Reiguilation No. 1/2024—nonei of theim eixplicitly accommodatei seiriouis caseis suich as accideints reisuilting in deiath. Normativeily, Reistorativei Juisticei is inteindeid morei for minor offeinseis, whilei accideint caseis involving fatalitieis arei cateigorizeid as seiriouis crimeis uindeir Articlei 310 of Law No. 22/2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation. Conseiquieintly, its application reimains discreitionary, deipeindeint on thei inteirpreitation of law einforceimeint officials and thei agreieimeint of thei partieis involveid, withouit adeiquiatei guiaranteieis of leigal ceirtainty. Harmonizing thei reiguilations goveirning thei reiquiireimeints for applying reistorativei juisticei in caseis of fatal traffic accideints muist bei promptly uindeirtakein throuigh leigislativei channeils. This uirgeincy ariseis beicauisei thei disparitieis among thei threiei main reiguilations—thei National Policei Chieif Reiguilation, thei Attorneiy Geineiral's Reiguilation, and thei Suipreimei Couirt Reiguilation—creiatei leigal uinceirtainty that can uindeirminei thei noblei objeictiveis of reistorativei juisticei itseilf. Theireiforei, to achieivei truily reistorativei juisticei in traffic accideint caseis, compreiheinsivei and inteigrateid policy harmonization is eisseintial. This is neiceissary to eistablish ceirtainty, consisteincy, and eiffeictivei coordination at all leiveils of thei leigal proceiss by uindeirtaking a leigislativei proceiss to ameind thei conflicting reiguilations. Peineilitian ini meingkaji Harmonisasi Peingatuiran Syarat Peingeinaan Reistorativei Juisticei Dalam Kasuis Keiceilakaan Lalui Lintas Yang Meinyeibabkan Keimatian. Peineilitian ini meingguinakan meitodei peineilitian huikuim normatif. Peingatuiran meingeinai peingeinaan reistorativei juisticei dalam kasuis keiceilakaan lalui lintas yang meinyeibabkan keimatian peingeinaan saat ini tidak meimiliki payuing huikuim yang jeilas dan speisifik. Meiskipuin teirdapat tiga peiratuiran yang meingatuir Reistorativei Juisticei yaitui Peiratuiran Kapolri No. 8/2021, Peiratuiran Keijaksaan No. 15/2020, dan Peiratuiran MA No. 1/2024, keitiganya tidak seicara teigas meingakomodasi kasuis beirat seipeirti keiceilakaan beirakibat keimatian. Reistorativei Juisticei seicara normatif leibih dituijuikan uintuik tindak pidana ringan, seimeintara kasuis keiceilakaan deingan korban meininggal dikateigorikan seibagai tindak pidana beirat beirdasarkan Pasal 310 UiUi No. 22/2009 teintang Lalui Lintas dan Angkuitan Jalan. Akibatnya, peineirapannya masih beirsifat diskreisioneir, beirgantuing pada inteirpreitasi aparat peineigak huikuim dan keiseipakatan para pihak, tanpa jaminan keipastian huikuim yang meimadai. Harmonisasi peingatuiran syarat peingeinaan reistorativei juisticei dalam kasuis keiceilakaan lalui lintas yang meinyeibabkan keimatian dimasa meindatang haruis seigeira dilakuikan meilaluii jaluir leigislasi, meingingat disparitas dalam tiga reiguilasi uitama Peiratuiran Kapolri, Peiratuiran Keijaksaan, dan Peiratuiran Mahkamah Aguing juistrui meinciptakan keitidakpastian huikuim yang dapat meingeirdilkan tuijuian muilia reistorativei juisticei teirseibuit. Oleih kareina itui, uintuik meiwuijuidkan keiadilan yang beinar-beinar reistoratif dalam kasuis keiceilakaan lalui lintas, harmonisasi keibijakan yang meinyeiluiruih dan teirpadui muitlak dipeirluikan guina meinciptakan keipastian, konsisteinsi, dan koordinasi yang eifeiktif di seimuia tingkat proseis huikuim, deingan cara meilakuikan proseis leigislasi deingan meinguibah atuiran-atuiran yang saling beirteintangan.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Ni Made Dyah Sukasmini Merthada, I Made Wirya Darma (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Implikasi Hukum Asas Pacta Sunt Servanda terhadap Perjanjian Paket Wisata dalam Kondisi Force Majeure di Indonesia
Agreements serve as one of legal instruments in the tourism sector, ensuring legal certainty and protection for the contracting parties. In the context of tour package agreements, the principle of Pacta Sunt Servanda affirms that every contract must be performed properly as agreed. However, in reality, the implementation of such agreements may not always proceed smoothly, particularly when confronted with force majeure events such as natural disasters, pandemics, or government regulations restricting travel activities. This study aims to analyze the regulation of Pacta Sunt Servanda and force majeure under the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata), as well as to examine the legal implications of force majeure on the enforcement of tour package agreements. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that although Pacta Sunt Servanda grants binding force to the contents of a contract, this principle may be subject to exceptions when a valid force majeure event occurs, as stipulated in Articles 1244 and 1245 of the Civil Code. Under such conditions, the debtor may be released from liability or granted a postponement in fulfilling contractual obligations. These implications highlight the necessity of balancing legal certainty with contractual fairness. Therefore, the inclusion of a force majeure clause in tourism agreements is essential as a legal foundation for dispute resolution in an industry highly vulnerable to external disruptions. Perjanjian merupakan salah satu instrumen dalam bertransaksi di bidang pariwisata yang berfungsi menjamin kepastian dan perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak. Dalam konteks perjanjian paket wisata, asas Pacta Sunt Servanda menegaskan bahwa setiap perjanjian yang dibuat secara sah wajib dilaksanakan. Namun, dalam praktiknya, pelaksanaan perjanjian tidak selalu berjalan lancar, terutama ketika muncul keadaan memaksa (force majeure) seperti bencana alam, pandemi, atau kebijakan pemerintah yang membatasi aktivitas perjalanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaturan asas Pacta Sunt Servanda dan force majeure dalam KUHPerdata, serta menelaah implikasi hukum dari keberadaan force majeure terhadap perjanjian paket wisata. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun asas Pacta Sunt Servanda memberikan kekuatan mengikat terhadap isi perjanjian, namun prinsip ini dapat mengalami pengecualian apabila terbukti terjadi force majeure sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1244 dan 1245 KUHPerdata. Dalam kondisi demikian, debitur dapat dibebaskan dari kewajiban atau diberikan penundaan pelaksanaan prestasi. Implikasi ini menegaskan pentingnya keseimbangan antara kepastian hukum dan keadilan kontraktual. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan klausul force majeure dalam perjanjian sangat penting sebagai dasar hukum penyelesaian sengketa dalam industri pariwisata yang rawan terhadap gangguan eksternal.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Ni Luh Putu Radha Gauri Satya Narayana, I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit Widiatedja (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Penggunaan Artificial Intelligence Berdasarkan Hukum Hak Kekayaan Intelektual: Pengaturan di Indonesia dan Tantangannya Secara Global
Technology continues to develop in all forms and derivatives, including the birth of Artificial Intelligence (AI). In addition to having positive implications, the development of AI technology also brings a number of problems in its use. The use of AI is not one of them leaving legal problems, especially when associated with the construction of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) law, although in general the government has regulated it in several regulations. This study aims to determine and analyze the use of AI based on the philosophical concept of IPR, the impact and accountability of the use of AI based on the IPR regime, and global challenges for the responsible use of AI. This study is a normative legal study with a state approach and a case approach. The data sources used consist of secondary data sources, consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection is carried out through literature, for further data processing qualitatively. The results of the study conclude that philosophically AI is the result of human intellectual work, so that it can be given IPR protection, but cannot be a subject of IPR law. Several challenges are also faced by countries globally to regulate AI, including Indonesia. knologi terus berkembang dengan segala bentuk dan derivasi, di antaranya adalah lahirnya Artificial Intelligence (AI) Selain berimplikasi positif, perkembangan teknologi AI juga mendatangkan sejumlah permasalahan dalam penggunannya. Penggunaan AI bukan salah satunya menyisakan problematika secara hukum, terutama jika dikaitkan dengan kontruksi hukum Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HKI), meskipun secara umum pemerintah sudah mengaturnya pada beberapa regulasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis penggunaan AI berdasarkan konsep HKI secara filosofis, dampak dan pertanggungjawaban penggunaan AI berdasarkan rezim HKI, serta tantangan global untuk penggunaan AI yang bertanggungajawab. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (state approach) dan pendekatan kasus (case approach). Sumber data yang digunakan terdiri dari sumber data sekunder, terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan juga tersier. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara kepustakaan, untuk selanjutnya data diolah secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulan secara filosofis AI merupakan hasil karya intelektualias manusia, sehingga dapat diberikan perlindungan HKI, tetapi tidak dapat menjadi subjek hukum HKI. Beberapa tantangan juga dihadapi oleh negara-negara secara global untuk mengatur AI, termasuk Indonesia.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Darwance Darwance, Marsudi Triatmodjo (Penulis) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0