Jurnal Spektran is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Program Study Master of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia. First published in January 2013 and subsequently published two times a year, on January and July. The journal is accredited nationally under the National Journal Accreditation System (ARJUNA) and is currently ranked as Fifth Grade (SINTA 5) by the Ministry of Research and Technology.
Program Studi Magister Teknik Sipil Universitas Udayana
REAL ESTATE CHALLENGES UNDER CLIMATE change AND DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS
Climate change is reshaping the risk, return, and liquidity profile of real estate assets worldwide. Drawing on a structured narrative review, this article develops a Climate–Finance–Infrastructure (CFI) Interaction Framework to synthesize evidence on how physical climate risks and varying levels of economic development jointly affect real estate markets. The analysis focuses on three transmission channels—insurability, financing, and infrastructure—and compares their behavior across tropical versus temperate climates and developed versus developing economies. Existing evidence shows that rising exposure to heat, floods, and storms reduces insurance availability, raises premiums, and widens protection gaps; tightens credit conditions via higher lending margins, lower loan-to-value ratios, and shorter maturities; and places growing stress on protective and basic infrastructure systems. These pressures are systematically amplified in lower-income tropical settings, where weaker infrastructure, patchy maintenance, and limited public compensation mechanisms undermine resilience. In contrast, more mature markets can partly cushion impacts through adaptation investments, stricter building standards, and advanced risk-transfer instruments. The CFI framework highlights self-reinforcing feedbacks between these channels and identifies “climate-finance traps” in which climate exposure, infrastructure deficits, and risk-averse capital reinforce one another, particularly in tropical low- and middle-income economies. By mapping evidence into a four-quadrant typology (climate zone × development level) and illustrating it in several urban cases, the finding offers a diagnostic tool for investors, lenders, and policymakers to prioritize adaptation investments, redesign insurance and credit products, and align infrastructure and financial regulation with the realities of a warming climate
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Muni Ishola, Silvia Gabrina Tonyes, Yenni Ciawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ANALISIS INKONSISTENSI PEKERJA DALAM PENGGUNAAN ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI (APD) DENGAN METODE IMPORTANCE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS (IPA) PADA PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN GEDUNG KANTOR PENGADILAN NEGERI WAINGAPU
Penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) adalah salah satu langkah untuk melindungi keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja (K3) dalam proyek konstruksi. Namun, dalam pelaksanaannya ditemukan inkonsistensi pekerja dalam menggunakan APD. Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor berkontribusi terhadap inkonsistensi penggunaan APD serta menentukan prioritas perbaikan berdasarkan tingkat kepentingan dan kinerja menggunakan metode Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). Penelitian dilakukan pada Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Kantor Pengadilan Negeri Waingapu dengan jumlah responden 70 pekerja. Pengolahan data menggunakan IBM SPSS Statistics dan didukung dengan wawancara expert judgment. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor-faktor mempengaruhi inkonsistensi penggunaan APD meliputi aspek internal dan eksternal, yaitu pengetahuan pekerja, kenyamanan APD, kedisiplinan, pengalaman kerja, dukungan sosial, ketersediaan APD, ketersediaan informasi, penerapan aturan, budaya keselamatan kerja, tekanan waktu dan target pelaksanaan. Berdasarkan analisis IPA dengan batas nilai didapatkan yaitu nilai importance > 4,04 dan performance < 3,18, diperoleh beberapa indikator yang masuk dalam Kuadran I (prioritas utama), yaitu pengaruh melihat kecelakaan, kemauan sendiri dalam menggunakan APD, pengawasan rutin, kondisi APD yang tidak digunakan meskipun tersedia, sosialisasi aturan, serta penggunaan APD sebagai suatu kebiasaan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan wawancara, rekomendasi perbaikan difokuskan pada perubahan perilaku pekerja dan peningkatan sistem pengelolaan keselamatan kerja, antara lain melalui penyampaian pengingat visual kejadian kecelakaan secara berkelanjutan, penerapan sistem pekerja teladan dan pemberian insentif, peningkatan efektivitas pengawasan melalui inspeksi acak, penyesuaian jenis dan kualitas APD yang lebih ergonomis, pelaksanaan sosialisasi yang interaktif dan berkelanjutan, penerapan aturan kerja yang tegas untuk membentuk budaya keselamatan kerja.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Putu Ira Pramesti Wiraningsih, Dewa Ketut Sudarsana, Evantris Yohana Djoh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
PERBANDINGAN PERKEMBANGAN INDEKS NILAI KONSTRUKSI YANG DISELESAIKAN PERUSAHAAN KONSTRUKSI ANTARWILAYAH DI INDONESIA PERIODE 2016–2025
Sektor konstruksi berperan penting dalam mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi, penyerapan tenaga kerja, dan pemerataan pembangunan wilayah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan membandingkan perkembangan indeks nilai konstruksi yang diselesaikan perusahaan konstruksi di wilayah Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Bali–Nusa Tenggara, dan Sulawesi periode 2016–2025. Menggunakan data sekunder Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), indeks triwulanan tingkat provinsi (2016=100) diagregasi menjadi indeks tahunan regional. Melalui analisis statistik deskriptif komparatif, didapatkan tren indeks rata-rata dan nilai ekstrem. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan aktivitas konstruksi yang signifikan di seluruh wilayah dibandingkan tahun dasar. Rata-rata indeks tertinggi dipegang oleh Jawa (154,21) dan Kalimantan (142,22) yang melampaui rata-rata nasional (140,99). Sebaliknya, Sumatera (138,66), Sulawesi (136,00), dan Bali–Nusa Tenggara (133,88) berada di bawah rata-rata nasional. Seluruh wilayah tercatat mengalami penurunan indeks pada 2020 akibat pandemi COVID-19, sebelum akhirnya bangkit dan mencapai nilai maksimum pada 2025. Temuan ini menegaskan adanya disparitas sekaligus momentum pertumbuhan antarwilayah, yang sangat relevan sebagai landasan perencanaan kapasitas industri, penentuan prioritas infrastruktur, dan perancangan strategi pasar bagi perusahaan konstruksi di Indonesia.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 I Kadek Badradnyana Wirapraja, I Putu Ari Sanjaya, Anak Agung Diah Parami Dewi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ANALISIS SENSITIVITAS PARAMETER HAMBATAN SAMPING TERHADAP KINERJA SIMPANG TAK BERSINYAL (STUDI KASUS : SIMPANG JL. TUKAD PAKERISAN – JL. TUKAD SANGHYANG, DENPASAR)
Unsignalized intersections are critical components of urban road networks whose performance is highly influenced by side frictions, including pedestrians, parked vehicles, maneuvering vehicles (entering/exiting), and slow-moving vehicles. High side friction can reduce intersection capacity and increase vehicle delays, leading to congestion. This study aims to analyze side friction conditions, evaluate intersection performance based on the Indonesian Highway Capacity Guideline (PKJI), and assess the impact and sensitivity of side friction on delays at the Jl. Tukad Pakerisan – Jl. Tukad Sanghyang intersection. Field surveys were conducted on weekdays and weekends during morning (07:00–09:00), afternoon (12:00–14:00), and evening (16:00–18:00) peak hours. Data collected included traffic volume, geometric conditions, side friction frequency, and field delays. Analysis was performed using PKJI 2023, polynomial regression, and sensitivity analysis. The results showed that the intersection side friction was categorized as very high, with the highest frequency reaching 2725, dominated by entering and exiting vehicles, with a frequency of 2569. Based on PKJI 2023 analysis, the highest traffic flow reached 2159 pcu/hour, with an intersection capacity of 2267.280 pcu/hour, a degree of saturation of 0.952, and average delay of 17.164 sec/pcu, corresponding to level of service C. Polynomial regression analysis indicated that entering and exiting vehicles had the greatest influence on delay, with an R² value of 0.9926. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the 07.00–08.00 period had the highest sensitivity value of 0.00414, indicating that slight increases in entering and exiting vehicle activity could significantly increase intersection delay.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Ni Putu Delima Yogeswari Saraswati, Dewa Made Priyantha Wedagama, Alharany Rambu Edda Hawur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
MITIGASI TSUNAMI BERBASIS HIJAU DI PULAU SERANGAN BALI
Berdasarkan data yang dikeluarkan oleh Pusat Studi Gempa Nasional (PUSGEN) pada tahun 2017, Pulau Bali secara umum dan Pulau Serangan secara khusus memiliki potensi gempa bumi dengan magnitudo 8,5 pada Skala Richter (SR). Konsekuensi potensial dari gempabumi yang sering terjadi adalah tsunami dan likuifaksi. Penelitian tentang potensi bencana gempabumi, tsunami, dan likuifaksi sangat penting untuk dilakukan di salah satu pulau di Bali, yaitu Pulau Serangan. Pulau Serangan, yang merupakan destinasi potensial pariwisata masa depan, adalah salah satu pulau paling menarik di Bali. Rencana induk pulau ini menunjukkan bahwa beberapa hotel mewah dan aktivitas kelas atas internasional akan dibangun di lahan seluas 523 hektar. Di Pulau Serangan terdapat satu Pura Sad Khayangan, Pura Sakenan, yang digunakan sebagai pusat ibadah bagi umat Hindu setiap hari Umanis Kuningan. Studi tentang potensi bencana seperti gempabumi, tsunami, dan likuifaksi diperlukan untuk memastikan keamanan alam Pulau Serangan dan isinya di masa depan. Hasil penelitian para ahli, yang berasal dari simulasi tsunami menggunakan parameter gempa bumi: magnitudo 8,5 SR dan kedalaman 10 km di segmen megathrust Sumba, menunjukkan bahwa di Pulau Serangan terdapat potensi tsunami dengan ketinggian 3 - 6 m. Pulau Serangan juga memiliki potensi likuifaksi pada kedalaman 0 - 2 m dengan penurunan tanah hingga 10 cm. Mitigasi berbasis hijau untuk tsunami merupakan alternatif terbaik yang dapat diterapkan di Pulau Serangan disamping Bangunan TES yang sudah ada. Mitigasi Hijau yang dimaksud adalah pemanfaatan hutan mangrove dan revitalisasi hijau tempat pengolahan akhir sampah Suwung.
Articles related to environmental and civil engineering issues
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 I Nyoman Sutarja, I Made Dodiek Wirya Ardana, Putu Cinthya Pratiwi Kardita (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
PERENCANAAN JARINGAN TRAYEK DAN RUTE ANGKUTAN PENGUMPAN (FEEDER) BUS TRANS METRO DEWATA DAN TRANS SARBAGITA DI KABUPATEN BADUNG
A feeder transport service is planned to support Bus Trans Metro Dewata and Trans Sarbagita in Badung Regency, specifically on the route from Mengwi Terminal to Pasar Adat Buduk, Mengwi Terminal to PT Indomarco Prismatama Tbk. Indomaret DC Mengwi Route, Mengwi Terminal to Sibang Gede Market Route, Mengwi Terminal to Monkey Forest Sangeh Route, Mengwi Terminal to Mambal Market Route, Mengwi Terminal to SMA N 1 Kuta Utara Route, Udayana University Rectorate to Jimbaran Beach Route, Bali State Polytechnic to Balangan Beach Route, Bali State Polytechnic to Pandawa Beach Route, ITDC Nusa Dua to Bali Tourism Polytechnic Route, ITDC Nusa Dua to Tanjung Benoa Beach Route, and ITDC Nusa Dua to Gunung Payung Beach Route. The methods used were demand potential analysis, operational system analysis, and Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) analysis. The results of this study show that the 6 planned routes located in the North Badung Region have an average of 31,803 potential passengers per day with an average vehicle requirement of 73 fleets, an average circulation time of 67.132 minutes, an average annual BOK of IDR 217,910,721.20 per fleet, and an average BOK per kilometer of IDR 4,529.00. The South Badung Region has an average of 12,787 passengers per day with an average vehicle requirement of 22 fleets, an average circulation time of 48 minutes, an average annual BOK of Rp216,741,880.89 per fleet, and an average BOK per kilometer of Rp4,600.45 per fleet. Thus, it can be concluded that each route in North Badung and South Badung has high potential demand for transportation, given the large number of vehicles needed to serve potential passengers.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
INTEGRASI BIM-IOT DALAM KONSTRUKSI INDONESIA: ANALISIS STUDI KASUS KOMPARATIF
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become a global standard in the construction industry, delivering 30–50% efficiency improvements and significant cost reductions. However, Indonesia faces an adoption paradox where high awareness levels (67–72%) contrast sharply with low implementation rates (38%), creating a persistent gap of approximately 30 percentage points despite regulatory mandates introduced since 2018. This systematic literature review aims to assess BIM maturity levels in Indonesia, identify Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) factors influencing BIM–IoT integration readiness, determine the minimum BIM maturity threshold required for Digital Twin integration, and evaluate maturity assessment frameworks applicable to the Indonesian context. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 123 peer-reviewed studies (41.5% from Q1 journals) published between 2013–2025 were analyzed using the TOE framework combined with Succar's BIM Maturity Matrix. The findings indicate that BIM maturity in Indonesia remains predominantly at Level 1 (38.2%), with only 11.8% achieving Level 2, while across 527 TOE factor occurrences, barriers (61.1%) significantly outweighed enablers (38.9%), with human resources and skills limitations emerging as the most frequently cited barrier. BIM–Digital Twin integration, which dominates global research trajectories, requires at least Level 2 maturity, a threshold not yet reached by most Indonesian organizations. Furthermore, only two Indonesia-specific assessment frameworks were identified, i.e. highlighting the need for a dual strategy combining top-down regulatory enforcement with bottom-up capacity development to accelerate BIM–IoT integration readiness in Indonesia.
EVALUASI KINERJA STRUKTUR BETON BERTULANG DENGAN DAN TANPA DILATASI (Studi Kasus: Gedung Lapas Perempuan Tabanan)
The Women's Correctional Facilty (Lapas) building in Tabanan is a multi-storey building with a total length of 51.45 m which is designed using a twin column dilation system. Generally, dilation is applied to buildings with irregular floor plans or lengths exceeding 60 m. Considering that this building has a regular floor plan and less than 60 m span, the effectiveness of using dilation needs to be evaluated to improve efficiency without reducing structural safety. This study compares the performance of the Model with Dilation (MDD) and Model Without Dilation (MTD) against earthquake, thermal, and concrete shrinkage loads. The analysis was carried out using SAP2000 with the Dynamic Response Spectrum and Static Nonlinear Pushover Analysis (SNPA) methods based on SNI 1726:2019 and ATC-40. The thermal load was modeled with ΔT = 4.67°C and concrete shrinkage with a strain of εsh = −0.0003. The results show a maximum ratio MTD deviation of 0.52%, which is below the allowable limit of 0.77%, and both models achieved the Immediate Occupancy (IO) level. Shrinkage analysis increased the MTD beam reinforcement requirement by 21% without any dimensional changes. In terms of efficiency, MTD reduced concrete volume by 8%, making the dilation-free design more optimal, safe, and economical.
PERENCANAAN PENYEDIAAN AIR MINUM BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI DUSUN TOMUAN PANE, KABUPATEN SIMALUNGUN, SUMATERA UTARA
Tomuan Pane Hamlet in Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra, faces critical challenges in drinking water provision due to the absence of a household water distribution network. Additionally, water quality tests revealed phosphate and total coliform contamination levels exceeding the drinking water standards set by the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 2 of 2023. The contamination is attributed to nearby agricultural activities and poorly maintained environmental infrastructure. This study aims to design a simple, community-based water distribution and treatment system (Penyediaan Air Minum Berbasis Masyarakat: PAMBM). Water demand projections were calculated using three population growth methods: arithmetic, geometric, and least square approaches. The distribution network was simulated using EPANET 2.2 software. The water treatment system was designed utilizing simple filtration tailored to local conditions. Population projections indicate that water demand in 2040 will reach 0.88 L/s. The proposed treatment system consists of two filtration stages: a 1.2-meter downflow reactor of 67% zeolite, 8% sand, 8% activated carbon media, and a 2-meter upflow reactor of 21% zeolite, 21% gravel, 27% activated carbon, and 21% sand media:. The combined system effectively reduced phosphate concentrations by 49.39% and completely eliminated total coliforms (100% removal). The distribution network simulation produced an average flow velocity of 0.71 m/s using a 5 cm transmission pipe and a 4 cm main distribution pipe.
ANALISIS KINERJA FILTRASI ARANG DAN IJUK PADA INSTALASI PEMANENAN AIR HUJAN (IPAH) KOMUNAL SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN AKSES AIR BERSIH DI DESA TIHINGAN, KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG, BALI
The decline of green open space and uneven water distribution resulted in limited access to clean water in Tihingan Village, Banjarangkan District, Klungkung Regency. This condition poses challenges for fulfilling the community’s basic needs for consumption and hygiene-sanitation. Communal Rainwater Harvesting Installation (Instalasi Pemanenan Air Hujan/IPAH) is proposed as a strategic alternative of appropriate technology in clean water provision. Raw rainwater often does not meet clean water standards, thus requiring an effective and affordable filtration process. This study aims to analyze the performance of charcoal and palm fiber filtration media in improving the quality of harvested rainwater in communal IPAH to meet Class I clean water standards. A descriptive-comparative method with an experimental laboratory approach was employed. Rainwater samples were collected before (influent) and after filtration (effluent). Tested parameters included pH, Escherichia coli content, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and ammonia (NH₃). The filtration media consisted of a combination of locally sourced charcoal and palm fiber. Results showed that the filtration effectively reduced TSS, decreased E. coli content to meet quality standards, and lowered ammonia to safe levels, with improved pH levels. The water quality after filtration complied with Class I clean water standards and was suitable for hygiene and sanitation purposes. This system proved effective, inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and supported sustainable clean water provision while providing local economic benefits. Filtration using charcoal and palm fiber media can be a practical and replicable model to provide clean water in similar regions.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Febryan Aristarchus Rajagukguk, Ida Bagus Made Baskara Andika, Cokorda Istri Niti Laksmi Dewi, Rahma Swari Ramadhani, Fanni Ibrahim Sholeh Siregar, Michael Hesy Kurnia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
PARADOKS ADOPSI BIM DI INDONESIA: TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS ATAS EFISIENSI, HAMBATAN, DAN IMPLIKASI KEBIJAKAN
The Indonesian construction industry is at a critical juncture, with government mandates officially encouraging the adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) to enhance productivity. However, a significant paradox persists: despite strong evidence of BIM's substantial efficiency benefits, its widespread adoption remains slow and fragmented. This study investigates this paradox through a systematic literature review (SLR) of 79 empirical studies conducted within the Indonesian context. The analysis confirms that BIM offers measurable improvements, including up to 50% time savings during the planning phase and significant cost avoidance from rework, amounting to hundreds of millions of rupiah. Conversely, the study identifies a set of deeply rooted systemic barriers, categorized using the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework. The most prominent barriers include high initial investment costs (Organisational), a severe shortage of skilled professionals (Organisational), and limited market demand from clients (Environmental). The persistence of this paradox is explained by a cyclical reinforcement of these barriers, a dynamic captured by Institutional Theory, which describes how entrenched norms resist innovation, and Technology Adaptation Theory, which highlights the misalignment between global BIM platforms and local standards (SNI). In contrast to pioneer countries like the UK, Indonesia's BIM mandate lacks comprehensive technical standards, resulting in partial implementation. This study proposes a dual-pronged strategy to break the cycle: top-down government intervention through the development of national standards and a localised BIM component library, and bottom up, market-driven adoption of collaborative contracting models such as Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) to align stakeholder incentives.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0