PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP ASET DIGITAL DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PERDATA INTERNASIONAL: PROBLEM KOLISI HUKUM, PENGAKUAN PUTUSAN ASING, DAN TRANSFORMASI MENUJU ERA LEX DIGITALI

Abstrak

ABSTRAK

Perkembangan aset digital seperti cryptocurrency, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT), dan data pribadi lintas batas telah menantang struktur dasar hukum perdata internasional (HPI) Indonesia yang masih bertumpu pada asas teritorial klasik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis problem kolisi hukum yang muncul akibat karakter non-teritorial aset digital, serta mengkaji implikasinya terhadap pengakuan dan pelaksanaan putusan asing di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis-normatif dan analisis komparatif terhadap beberapa yurisdiksi seperti Uni Eropa, Singapura, dan Jepang, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ketidakserasian antara asas kolisi tradisional dan sifat aset digital menimbulkan kekosongan norma, ketidakpastian yurisdiksi, serta kendala pembuktian digital di pengadilan nasional. Selain itu, belum adanya pengakuan aset digital sebagai objek hukum menyebabkan putusan asing terkait aset digital berpotensi ditolak karena tidak kompatibel dengan kerangka hukum nasional. Penelitian ini menawarkan konsep digital locus dan lex digitalis sebagai paradigma baru yang dapat berfungsi sebagai asas kolisi tambahan serta dasar pembaruan HPI Indonesia. Reformasi kelembagaan melalui pembentukan pedoman yudisial digital, pusat arbitrase digital, dan partisipasi aktif dalam forum internasional seperti HCCH dan UNCITRAL juga diperlukan untuk menciptakan sistem HPI yang responsif dan adaptif. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan model HPI modern yang mampu menjawab tantangan kompleksitas sengketa digital lintas batas.

Kata Kunci: Aset digital; Hukum Perdata Internasional; Kolisi hukum; Digital locus; Lex digitalis; Blockchain;

ABSTRACT

The rapid expansion of digital assets—such as cryptocurrency, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), and cross-border personal data—has challenged the fundamental structure of Indonesia’s private international law (PIL), which remains anchored in traditional territorial principles. This study aims to analyze the conflict-of-law issues arising from the non-territorial nature of digital assets and examine their implications for the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in Indonesia. Employing a normative legal approach combined with comparative analysis of jurisdictions such as the European Union, Singapore, and Japan, this research finds that the incompatibility between classical conflict-of-law doctrines and the characteristics of digital assets results in normative gaps, jurisdictional uncertainty, and evidentiary challenges within Indonesian courts. The absence of legal recognition of digital assets as property further increases the risk of foreign judgments being denied enforcement due to incompatibility with domestic legal concepts. This study proposes digital locus and lex digitalis as new paradigms to function as supplementary conflict-of-law principles and as the foundation for reforming Indonesia’s PIL framework. Institutional reforms—including the development of judicial guidelines for digital evidence, the establishment of a national digital arbitration center, and active participation in international forums such as HCCH and UNCITRAL—are essential to build a responsive and adaptive PIL system. Overall, the study contributes to the development of a modern PIL model capable of addressing the complexities of cross-border digital disputes.

Keywords: Digital assets; Private International Law; Conflict of laws; Digital locus; Lex digitalis; Blockchain;