KONFLIK YURISDIKSI DALAM ALIH DATA PRIBADI LINTAS NEGARA: ANALISIS HUKUM PERDATA INTERNASIONAL DAN HAK KONSTITUSIONAL ATAS PRIVASI DI INDONESIA

Abstrak

Alih data pribadi lintas negara telah menjadi tantangan serius dalam perkembangan hukum di Indonesia seiring meningkatnya penggunaan layanan digital global, termasuk media sosial, cloud computing, dan platform komersial lintas batas. Data pribadi warga negara Indonesia diproses di berbagai yurisdiksi secara simultan, sehingga memunculkan persoalan hukum yang tidak dapat diselesaikan hanya melalui pendekatan sektoral atau administratif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konflik yurisdiksi dan pilihan hukum dalam transfer data internasional berdasarkan perspektif Hukum Perdata Internasional (HPI), serta mengkaji keterkaitan antara alih data global dan perlindungan hak konstitusional atas privasi sebagaimana dijamin Pasal 28G ayat (1) UUD NRI 1945. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan konseptual, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa UU Perlindungan Data Pribadi (UU PDP) belum menyentuh aspek-aspek fundamental HPI. Ketiadaan aturan mengenai connecting factor, adequacy decision, cross-border enforcement, dan batasan terhadap choice of law berbasis kontrak mengakibatkan ketidakpastian hukum dan lemahnya perlindungan privasi warga negara. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa pembentukan kerangka HPI digital, harmonisasi dengan standar internasional seperti GDPR, serta penguatan peran negara sebagai penjaga hak privasi merupakan langkah strategis untuk menjamin perlindungan data pribadi secara efektif dan transnasional.

Kata Kunci: Alih Data Pribadi; Hukum Perdata Internasional; Yurisdiksi Digital; Privasi Konstitusional; UU PDP.

ABSTRACT

Cross-border transfer of personal data has become a critical legal challenge in Indonesia due to the growing reliance on global digital platforms, including social media, cloud computing, and cross-border commercial services. Indonesian citizens’ personal data are simultaneously processed across multiple jurisdictions, creating legal complexities that cannot be fully addressed through sectoral or administrative approaches alone. This study aims to examine jurisdictional conflicts and choice-of-law issues in international data transfers from the perspective of Private International Law (PIL), and to assess the interaction between global data flows and the constitutional right to privacy guaranteed under Article 28G(1) of the 1945 Constitution. Using a normative legal research method supported by statutory, case-based, and conceptual approaches, this study finds that Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law) does not adequately regulate fundamental PIL elements. The absence of rules on connecting factors, adequacy decisions, cross-border enforcement mechanisms, and limitations on contract-based choice of law has resulted in legal uncertainty and insufficient protection of citizens’ privacy rights. This study concludes that establishing a comprehensive digital PIL framework, harmonizing domestic regulations with international standards such as the GDPR, and strengthening the role of the state as the guardian of privacy are essential measures to ensure effective and transnational protection of personal data.

Keywords: Cross-Border Data Transfer; Private International Law;Digital Jurisdiction, Constitutional Privacy;Data Protection Law.